tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66953757527042195562024-03-19T01:13:11.955-07:00ဒူဒူႀကီးဒူဒူႀကီး ရဲ႕ ဘေလာ႔ဂ္မွာ၊ ႀကံဳဖူးတာေလးေတြနဲ႔ ႀကားဖူးတာေလးေတြကို၊ ေဖာ္ၿပဖို႔ ရည္ရြယ္ထားပါတယ္။ ပါဝင္ေရးသားသူေတြကေတာ႔ 'ဒူဒူႀကီး'၊ 'ကိုထြန္း' နဲ႔ 'ေပါတာလူး' တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဘေလာ႔ဂ္ အၿပင္အဆင္ကိစၥေတြကို 'မစံပါယ္' က၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးပါတယ္။
ေရးသားေဖာ္ၿပထားတာ အားလံုးကိုၿဖစ္ေစ၊ တစိတ္တပိုင္းကိုၿဖစ္ေစ၊ အခၽက္အလက္ေတြကိုၿဖစ္ေစ၊ ခြင္႔ၿပဳခၽက္ေတာင္းစရာမလို၊ အသိေပးစရာမလိုပဲ၊ အလိုရိွသလို အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ဒူဒူႀကီးhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16213785072721234655noreply@blogger.comBlogger244125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-77238886239454146532015-10-17T19:28:00.000-07:002015-10-17T19:28:03.324-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
"Colour Plate for MCCB"<br />.<br />ညီတဦးက oral ေမးခြန္းအတြက္...chat box မွတဆင္႔...<br />preferential trip အေႀကာင္းေမးလာသမို႔...<br />ေရးခဲ႔ဖူးတဲ႔ post ေတြထဲမွ..."Colour Plate for MCCB" ကို၊ ၿပန္တင္ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္။) <br />.<br />main switch board MSB ေတြရဲ႕ feeder panel ေတြမွာ..<br />MCCB ဆိုတဲ႔ molded-case circuit breakers ေတြနဲ႔..<br />MCB ဆိုတဲ႔ miniature circuit breaker ေတြ..<br />တတ္ဆင္ထားႀကပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />circuit breaker ဆိုတာကေတာ႔...<br />overload ဒါမွမဟုတ္ short circuit အေၿခအေန..<br />တခုခုၿဖစ္ေပါါၿပီး၊ electrical circuit တခုအေပါါ..<br />သက္ေရာက္လာမယ္႔ပၽက္စီးဆံုးရံွဳးနိဳင္မွဴအား..<br />အလိုအေလၽွာက္တားဆီးေပးမယ္႔ 'ခလုပ္' ၿဖစ္ၿပီး..<br />တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔..<br />"circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit"..ရယ္လို႔..<br />ေၿပာနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />.<br />MCCB နဲ႔ MCB ေတြဟာ..<br />low voltage circuit breaker ေတြၿဖစ္ၿပီး..<br />1, 000 VAC ပမာဏေအာက္မွာသာ..<br />အသံုးၿပဳဳႀကပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />main switch board MSB ရဲ႕ feeder panel ေတြမွာ..<br />တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ MCCB နဲ႔ MCB ေတြကို..<br />သတိထားႀကည္႔မယ္ဆိုလၽွင္၊ အခၽိဳ႕ breaker ေတြမွာ..<br />အနီေရာင္၊ အခၽိဳ႕ breaker ေတြမွာ၊ လိေမၼာ္ေရာင္..<br />အခၽိဳ႕ breaker ေတြမွာ အဝါေရာင္ နဲ႔..<br />အခၽိဳ႕ breaker ေတြမွာေတာ႔ အစိမ္းေရာင္..<br />colour plate ေလးေတြ၊ ထည္႔သြင္း..<br />တတ္ဆင္ထားတာေတြ႔နိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />.<br />main switch board ရဲ႕ front panel...<br />ေရွ႕မၽက္နွာၿပင္တေနရာရာမွာလည္း..<br />အေရာင္ေတြဟာ မည္သည္႔ electrical circuit သို႔မဟုတ္..<br />မည္သည္႔ electrical motor circuit အား..<br />ကိုယ္စားၿပဳထားေႀကာင္း၊ ရည္ညြွန္းေဖာ္ၿပထားပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />ဒါ႔အၿပင္ colour plate ေလးေတြနဲ႔..<br />ရည္ညြွန္းေဖာ္ၿပထားတဲ႔ MCCB နဲ႔ MCB အမၽားစုဟာ..<br />shut tripping coil ထည္႔သြင္းတတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔..<br />circuit breakers ေတြၿဖစ္သလို..<br />breaker ရဲ႕ေဘးမွာ wire ႀကိဳးအစ (၂) စ..<br />ထုတ္ထားတာကိုလည္း၊ main switch board ရဲ႕..<br />တံခါးအားဖြင္႔ႀကည္႔လၽွင္၊ ေတြ႔နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />colour plates ေလးေတြဟာ..<br />emergency stop, preferential trip နဲ႔..<br />sequential start တို႔ကို၊ represent အေနနဲ႔..<br />ကိုယ္စားၿပဳပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />(၁) - Emergency Stop - သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ စက္ခန္းမွာ..<br />မီးေလာင္တဲ႔အခါ၊ မီးေလာင္မွဴကို အားေပးနိဳင္မယ္႔..<br />ေလ၊ ေလာင္စာနဲ႔ အပူတို႔ကို ေလၽွာ႔ခၽရန္၊ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />အကယ္၍ မီးစေလာင္ခဲ႔လၽွင္ လည္ပတ္ေမာင္းနွင္ေနတဲ႔..<br />engine room blowers fans ေတြ၊ purifiers ေတြ..<br />fuel oil transfer pump, boilers နဲ႔ incinerators..တို႔ကို၊ အၿမန္ဆံုးရပ္တန္႔ရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br />.<br />အေရးေပါါအေၿခအေနၿဖစ္ေပါါစဥ္..<br />မီးေလာင္မွဴကိုအားေပးမယ္႔ လၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားသံုး..<br />စက္ကရိယာေတြကို၊ အၿမန္ဆံုးရပ္တန္႔နိဳင္တဲ႔..<br />နည္းလမ္းကေတာ႔..<br />emergency stop push button ခလုပ္ကို..<br />တႀကိမ္တည္းနိွပ္ကာ..<br />လၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားၿဖတ္ေတာက္ၿခင္းၿဖင္႔..<br />တၿပိဳင္တည္းရပ္တန္႔ေစမွဴၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />ေယဘုယၽအေနနဲ႔ emergency stop push button ခလုပ္ကို..<br />engine room entrance အဝင္တံခါးအနီးေနရာေတြနဲ႔..<br />wheel house မွ control console ေနရာေတြမွာ..<br />တတ္ဆင္ထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။<br />.<br />emergency stop နဲ႔သက္ဆိုင္တဲ႔..<br />လၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားသံုးစက္ကရိယာေတြရဲ႕..<br />ပင္မလၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားေပးရာ..<br />main electrical supply source MCCB နဲ႔..<br />MCB ေတြကို၊ MSB မွာတတ္ဆင္ထားသလို..<br />အနီေရာင္ red colour plate ၿဖင္႔..<br />သိသာေစရန္သေက္တၿပဳေဖာ္ၿပထားပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />အနီေရာင္ red colour plate ၿဖင္႔ ေဖာ္ၿပထားတဲ႔..<br />MCCB နဲ႔ MCB ေတြဟာ၊ shut tripping coil..<br />တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ electrical switch ေတြၿဖစ္သလို..<br />တည္ေဆာက္ပံုအရ shut coil သို႔ electrical power..<br />ေပးသြင္းထားမွသာ breaker "ON" နိဳင္မယ္႔..<br />switches ေတြလည္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />emergency stop push button ဟာ..<br />"NC" ဆိုတဲ႔ normally closed contact ၿဖစ္ၿပီး..<br /> MCCB နဲ႔ MCB ေတြရဲ႕ shunt coil အစ၊ တစနဲ႔..<br />အၿပိဳင္ parallel ဆက္သြယ္ကာ၊ coil သို႔..<br />electrical power ေပးသြင္းထားပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />အေရးေပါါအေၿခအေနတခုခုမွာ..<br />emergency stop push button ကို..<br />"နိွပ္" လိုက္ရာမွ၊ NC contact ဟာ..<br />open ၿဖစ္သြားၿပီး၊ shut coil သို႔ေပးသြင္းထားတဲ႔..<br />electrical power အား၊ ၿဖတ္ေတာက္လိုက္ၿခင္းၿဖင္႔..<br />MCCB နဲ႔ MCB ေတြကို "trip" အေနနဲ႔ "ၿဖဳတ္" ခၽကာ..<br />emergency stop နဲ႔သက္ဆိုင္တဲ႔..<br />လၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားသံုးစက္ကရိယာေတြရဲ႕..<br />ပင္မလၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားေပးရာ..<br />main electrical supply source အား..<br />ၿဖတ္ေတာက္လိုက္ပါတယ္။<br />.<br />(၂) - Preferential Trip - Preferential Trip အေႀကာင္း..<br />ေဖာ္ၿပတဲ႔အခါ၊ generator protection system နဲ႔..<br />ဆက္စပ္ေနသမို႔၊ အနည္းငယ္ထည္႔သြင္းေဖာ္ၿပပါရေစ။<br />.<br />generator protection system ေတြကို..<br />generator ရဲ႕ "main breaker" မွာထည္႔သြင္း..<br />တတ္ဆင္ထားႀကပါတယ္။<br />.<br />main breaker ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔..<br />air circuit breaker (ACB) နဲ႔..<br />oil circuit breaker (OCB) တို႔မွာ..<br />မရိွမၿဖစ္တတ္ဆင္ေလ႔ရိွတဲ႔..<br />generator protection system ေတြကေတာ႔..<br />over current protection,..<br />reverse power protection နဲ႔..<br />under voltage protection တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />over current protection မွာ preferential trip,..<br />instantaneous trip နဲ႔ over load trip ဆိုၿပီး..<br />(၃) မၽိဳးပါရိွ ပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />generator ကို load "တင္" အသံုးၿပဳေနစဥ္..<br />generator ထမ္းေဆာင္နိဳင္တဲ႔ "ဝန္"..<br />တနည္းအားၿဖင္ "load" ထက္..<br />ပိုမိုထမ္းေဆာင္ရတဲ႔အခါ..<br />over load လို႔ေခါါတဲ over current..<br />စီးဆင္းမွဴၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။<br />.<br />အဲဒီအခါမွာ ထမ္းေဆာင္ထားတဲ႔ "load" မၽားရဲ႕..<br />အေရးပါမွဳ၊ မပါမွဳ essential and eon-essential..<br />အေနအထားအရ၊ မူလသတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔အတိုင္း..<br />အလိုအေလၽွာက္ခြဲၿခား "ေလၽွာ႔" ခၽပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />အလိုအေလၽွာက္ေလၽွာ႔ခၽရာမွာ..<br />'inverse definite minimum time' ဆိုတဲ႔..<br />အခၽိန္အတိုင္းအတာတခုအတြင္း..<br />အဆင္႔လိုက္ေလၽွာ႔ခၽၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ေဆာင္ရြက္ၿပီး..<br />"Preferential Trip" လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />Preferential Trip ၿဖင္႔ non-essential load ေတြကို..<br />"ေလၽွာ႔" ခၽရာမွာ၊ 1st Preferential Trip,..<br />2nd Preferential Trip, 3rd Preferential Trip..<br />အစရိွသလို အခၽိန္ပိုင္းၿခားၿပီး..<br />(၅) စကၠန္႔၊ (၁၀) စကၠန္႔နဲ႔ (၁၅) စကၠန္႔..<br />သတ္မွတ္ကာ၊ အဆင္ လိုက္ 'ၿဖဳတ္' ခၽသြားပါတယ္။<br />.<br />preferential trip နဲ႔သက္ဆိုင္တဲ႔..<br />လၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားသံုးစက္ကရိယာေတြရဲ႕..<br />ပင္မလၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားေပးရာ..<br />main electrical supply source MCCB နဲ႔..<br />MCB ေတြကို၊ MSB မွာတတ္ဆင္ထားသလို..<br />1st preferential trip လိေမၼာ္ေရာင္ orange colour plate..<br />2nd preferential trip အဝါေရာင္ yellow colour plate..<br />အစရိွသလို၊ သိသာေစရန္ သေက္တၿပဳေဖာ္ၿပထားပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />MSB ထဲမွ preferential trip relay ေတြရဲ႕..<br />"NC" normally closed contact ကို..<br />preferential trip နဲ႔ သက္ဆိုင္တဲ႔ MCCB နဲ႔..<br />MCB ေတြရဲ႕ shut coil 'အစ' တစၿဖင္႔..<br />"အၿပိဴင္" parallel ဆက္သြယ္ကာ၊ coil သို႔..<br />electrical power ေပးသြင္းထားပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />preferential trip relay ရဲ႕..<br />"NC" normally closed contact ဟာ..<br />open position သို႔ေၿပာင္းသြားတဲ႔အခါ..<br />shut coil သို႔ေပးသြင္းထားတဲ႔..<br />electrical power အား..<br />ၿဖတ္ေတာက္လိုက္ၿခင္းၿဖင္႔..<br />MCCB နဲ႔ MCB ေတြကို "trip" အေနနဲ႔..<br />"ၿဖဳတ္" ခၽသြားမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />.<br />Generator ရဲ႕ main circuit breaker မွာ..<br />current setting ကို၊ (85 - 95 %) ခန္႔..<br />ခၽိန္ညိွထားေလ့ရိွၿပီး၊ setting ေကၽာ္လာတာနဲ႔..<br />1st preferential trip relay အလုပ္လုပ္ပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />1st preferential trip ၿဖင္႔ "ၿဖဳတ္" ခၽေပမယ္႔..<br />မူလ current setting ပမာဏေအာက္သို႔..<br />ကၽဆင္းသြားၿခင္းမရိွတဲ႔အခါ 2nd preferential trip ၿဖင္႔..<br />ထပ္မံ "ၿဖဳတ္" ခၽပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />အခၽိဳ႕ power distribution system ေတြမွာ..<br />1st preferential trip နဲ႔ 2nd preferential trip..<br />တို႔သာမက၊ 3rd preferential trip ကိုပါ..<br />ထည္႔သြင္းတတ္ဆင္ထားတတ္ႀကပါတယ္။<br />.<br />accommodation air conditioning plant,.<br />provision refrigeration plant,..<br />galley exhaust fan, galley power distribution,..<br />toilet and bath room exhaust fan တို႔ကို..<br />Preferential Trip နဲ႔ သက္ဆိုင္တဲ႔..<br />non-essential load ေတြအၿဖစ္..<br />သတ္မွတ္ထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။<br />.<br />(၃) - Sequential Start - Sequential Start အေႀကာင္း...<br />ေဖာ္ၿပတဲ႔အခါ၊ electric motor starter..<br />အလုပ္လုပ္ပံုအေႀကာင္း၊ အနည္းငယ္..<br />ထည္႔သြင္းေဖာ္ၿပပါရေစ။<br />.<br />electric motor တလံုး 'စ' တင္ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔အခါ..<br />start push button ကို၊ တခၽက္နိွပ္ရံုၿဖင္႔..<br />start push button ရဲ႕..<br />"NO" normally opened contact ဟာ..<br />close position ၿဖစ္သြားၿပီး..<br />main magnetic contactor လည္း..<br />energized ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />တခၽိန္ထဲမွာ start push button ရဲ႕..<br />"NO" normally opened contact နဲ႔..<br />အၿပိဳင္ parallel ဆက္ထားတဲ႔..<br />main magnetic contactor မွ..<br /> "NO" normally opened - auxiliary contact..<br />(a contact) ဟာလည္း၊ close position ၿဖစ္သြားပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />start push button ေပါါ၊ 'ဖိ' လိုက္တဲ႔ လက္ကို..<br />ဖယ္လိုက္ေပမယ္႔၊ main magnetic contactor ရဲ႕..<br />auxiliary contact (a contact) ဟာ..<br />close position ၿဖစ္ သြားသလို..<br />completed circuit အေၿခအေနတခု..<br />ရိွလာတဲ႔အတြက္၊ electric motor..<br />ဆက္လက္လည္ပတ္ေနမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />.<br />Sequential Start motor starter ေတြမွာေတာ႔..<br />start push button ရဲ႕..<br />"NO" normally opened contact ကို..<br />main magnetic contactor မွ..<br />"NO" normally opened - auxiliary contact..<br />(a contact) ၿဖင္႔ အၿပိဳင္ parallel..<br />ဆက္ထားရံုသာမက..<br />main magnetic contactor မွအၿခား..<br />"NC" normally closed - auxiliary contact..<br />(b contact) တခုၿဖင္႔လည္း၊..<br />"အၿပိဳင္" parallel ဆက္ထားပါတယ္။<br />.<br />အေႀကာင္းတစံုတခုေႀကာင္႔ generator..<br />"ရပ္" သြားတဲ႔အခါေတြနဲ႔..<br />Main Breaker "ၿပဳတ္" ကၽသြားတဲ႔အခါေတြမွာ.. လၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားၿပတ္ေတာက္ၿပီးမွ..<br />power re-store အၿဖစ္..<br />လၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အားၿပန္လည္ရရိွလာတာနဲ႔..<br />'start push button' 'နိွပ္' ကာ..<br />electric motor အားေမာင္းနွင္ရန္မလိုအပ္ပဲ..<br />Sequential Start motor starter ဟာ..<br />အလိုအေလၽွာက္အလုပ္လုပ္ပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />MSB မွ Sequential Start ရဲ႕..<br />MCCB ကို "ON" ထားတဲ႔အတြက္..<br />ၿပန္လည္ရရိွလာတဲ႔ electric power ဟာ..<br />Sequential Start motor starter မွ..<br />main magnetic contactor ရဲ႕အၿခား..<br />"NC" normally closed - auxiliary contact..<br />(b contact) သို႔၊ ေရာက္ရိွသြားၿပီး..<br />main magnetic contactor အား..<br />energized ၿဖစ္ေစကာ..<br />အလိုအေလၽွာက္ေမာင္းနွင္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />.<br />colour plate for MCCB အေနနဲ႔..<br />Sequential Start ကို အစိမ္းေရာင္..<br />green colour plate ၿဖင္႔..<br />MSB မွာေဖာ္ၿပထားပါတယ္။<br />.<br />Sequential Start MCCB ဟာ..<br />shunt coil ထည္႔သြင္းထားၿခင္းမရိွတဲ႔..<br />breaker ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <br />.<br />ေယဘုယၽအေနနဲ႔..<br />generator sea water cooling pump..<br />သို႔မဟုတ္ auxiliary engine sea water..<br />cooling pump ရဲ႕ motor starter ကို..<br />Sequential Start starter အၿဖစ္..<br />တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဴႀကပါတယ္။</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-23671678488181251672015-08-03T06:35:00.001-07:002015-08-03T06:35:41.417-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
"Why Marine Engineers are Concerned ?"<br />
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"Slow Streaming" နဲ႔ ပက္သက္ၿပီး၊ အေထာက္အကူအေနနဲ႔ ထည္႔သြင္းစဥ္းစားသင္႔တာေလးကိုလည္း၊ ေရးသားလိုက္ပါတယ္။<br />
ဒီ post မွာ "Slow Steaming" နဲ႔ ပက္သက္ၿပီး၊ မွတ္သားဖူးတဲ႔<br /> သတိၿပဳရမယ္႔ အခၽက္အလက္ေလးေတြကို၊ ေဖာ္ၿပပါရေစ။ အကယ္၍ အမွားတစံုတရာ၊ ရိွခဲ႔လၽွင္လည္း၊ ေထာက္ကူၿပင္ဆင္ေပးရန္ ပန္ႀကားပါရေစ ခင္ဗၽား။<br />
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"Slow Steaming" ဆိုတာကေတာ႔ ေလာင္စာဆီသံုးစြဲမွဴ fuel consumption နဲ႔
ကာဘြန္ထုတ္လြွင္႔မွဴ ဆိုတဲ႔ CO2, NOx and Sox emissions အား၊ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽရန္
ထိခိုက္နစ္နာမွဴမရိွေစပဲ process of deliberately အေနနဲ႔ သေဘ္ာအား
အရိွန္ေနွးစြာေမာင္းနွင္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
"Slow Steaming" ဟာ
သေဘ္ာပိုင္ရွင္ ship owners ေတြနဲ႔ သေဘ္ာဌားရမ္းသူ ship charterers
ေတြအတြက္ေတာ႔ ထိေရာက္တဲ႔ ေလာင္စာဆီေခၽြတာမွဴ ၿဖစ္သလို၊
သဘာဝပါတ္ဝန္းကၽင္အတြက္ carbon emissions အား၊ ထိေရာက္တဲ႔ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽမွဴ၊
ၿဖစ္မၿဖစ္၊ အတိအကၽ မေၿပာနိဳင္ေသးတာကိုလည္း၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။<br />
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စီးပြားေရးကၽဆင္းမွဴ financial recession ေႀကာင္႔ ကုန္စည္စီးဆင္းမွဴေတြ၊ ေနွးေကြးသြားတဲ႔ကာလေတြနဲ႔<br /> ေရနံေစၽးနံွဴးၿမင္႔တက္လာတဲ႔၊ ကာလေတြအတြက္ ရည္ရြယ္အသံုးၿပဳၿခင္းလည္း၊ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
"Slow Steaming" နဲ႔ ပက္သက္ၿပီး၊ သတိထားသင္႔တဲ႔<br /> အခၽက္အလက္ေတြကေတာ႔...<br />
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(၁) - "slow streaming" အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ crank case ကို ဖြင္႔ကာ စစ္ရတဲ႔
under piston inspections ေတြနဲ႔ scavenge inspections ေတြကိုလည္း၊ မႀကာခဏ
frequent and thorough inspection အၿဖစ္၊ စစ္ေဆးေပးရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၂) - slow steaming ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ cylinder liners ေတြမွာ<br />
over lubrication အေၿခအေနၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္သလို၊ over lubrication ဟာ under
lubrication ကဲ႔သို႔၊ engine အား ထိခိုက္ပၽက္စီးေစတတ္ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ main
engine မွာ load dependent cylinder lubrication system အား၊
တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳထားၿခင္းမရိွပါက၊ lubrication rate ကို<br /> optimal value အေနနဲ႔ တည္ၿငိမ္ေနရန္၊ ခၽိန္ညိွေပးဖို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၃) - slow steaming ေႀကာင္႔ turbocharger ရဲ႕ အတြင္းဖက္ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြမွာ၊ fouling ေတြ၊ တြယ္ကပ္လာတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၄) - fouling ေတြေႀကာင္႔ turbocharger ရဲ႕ အၿပင္ဖက္မွာ<br /> ရိွသင္႔တဲ႔ designed range air flow လည္း လိုက္ပါ<br /> ကၽဆင္းၿပီး၊ deposits ေတြပိုမုိ၊ ကပ္ၿငိတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၅) - carbon deposits ေတြဟာ injectors compromises မွာ၊<br /> စု 'ပံု' တက္လာၿပီး၊ performance ကၽဆင္းတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၆) - slow streaming ေႀကာင္႔ exhaust gas economizer မွာ fouling ေတြကပ္တြယ္ၿပီး၊ capacity ကၽဆင္းကာ၊ soot fire ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၇) - scavenge air pressure ကၽဆင္းသြားသလို၊ improper combustion ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၈) - fuel ကို improper atomization အေၿခအေနေပါါေပါက္ေစၿပီး၊ impingement
လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ ထိခိုက္တုန္႔ၿပန္မွဴေတြလည္း piston အေပါါမွာ
ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၉) - engine ရဲ႕ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြမွာ carbon
deposits ေတြ 'ပို' မၽားလာတဲ႔အတြက္၊ maintenance intervals ကိုလည္း၊ 'ပို'
ယူရန္ လိုအပ္လာပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၁၀) - slow steaming ေႀကာင္႔ exhaust gas
temperatures ကၽဆင္းသြားၿပီး၊ အကယ္၍ 250 deg C ေအာက္သို႔၊
ကၽဆင္းသြားခဲ႔ပါက၊ low temperature corrosion ေတြလည္း၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၁၁) - slow steaming ဟာ peak compression pressure ကိုလည္း၊ ကၽဆင္းေစတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၁၂) - slow steaming ၿဖင္႔ engine အား၊
အခၽိန္ကာလအေတာ္ႀကာအသံုးၿပဳခဲ႔ၿပီး၊ full load
ၿဖင္႔ၿပန္လည္ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔အခါ၊ imminent လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔<br /> ၿပင္းထန္စြာတုန္ခါမွဴ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ overhanging ေတြလည္း၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၁၃) - piston ring pack ေတြရဲ႕ efficiency ကိုလည္း၊ ကၽဆင္းေစတတ္သလို၊<br /> scavenge နဲ႔ piston ရဲ႕ ေအာက္ပိုင္းမွာလည္း၊<br /> deposits ေတြ ပိုမိုစုပံုလာတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၁၄) - scavenge fires ၿဖစ္ေပါါရန္ ပိုမိုလြယ္ကူလာတဲ႔အတြက္ scavenge နဲ႔
under piston area ေတြကို၊ draining လုပ္ေပးရန္ ပိုမိုလိုအပ္လာပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၁၅) - carbon deposits ေတြေႀကာင္႔ အပူကူးေၿပာင္းမွဴ<br /> heat transfer ကၽဆင္းသြားၿပီး၊ engine ရဲ႕ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြမွာ၊ thermal stresses ေတြ သက္ေရာက္တတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
(၁၆) - economizer ရဲ႕ efficiency ကၽဆင္းသြားတဲ႔အတြက္၊<br /> oil fired boiler အား ပိုမိုေမာင္းနွင္ရန္လိုအပ္လာပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
Reference and Credit to : Ship & Bunker - Maersk Line : Moving Away
From Slow - Steaming Would Require a Fundamental Change to the Network,
Thursday January 22, 2015., When Will be the END of “Slow - steaming” ?
Ma Shuo, MPA Visiting Professor, Public Lecture @ NTU, 30 September
2014., Marine Insight © The Guide to Slow Steaming on Ships, Chief
Engineer Mohit Sanguri, December 2012.<br />
<br />
Remark : All publications
herein this pages are for use of educational purpose only. The owner of
this pages is not responsible for the consequences in case of violation
to copyright, trademark, patent or other intellectual property rights of
any third party.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-21869591821339002102013-08-14T16:03:00.001-07:002013-08-14T16:03:37.030-07:00"Port State Control Inspection (၁)"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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'PSC Inspection' ဆိုတဲ႔ 'Port State Control Inspection' ဆိုတာကေတာ႔ သေဘ္ာေရာက္ရိွရာ ဆိပ္ကမ္းရဲ႕၊ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ ေရေႀကာင္းအာဏာပိုင္ အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမွ၊ သေဘ္ာအား စစ္ေဆးၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာေပါါမွာ တာဝန္ထမ္းေဆာင္ေနသူ ေရယာဥ္မွဴး အပါအဝင္၊ အရာရိွေတြရဲ႕ ကၽြမ္းကၽင္မွဳလက္မွတ္ certificate of competency မၽားကို၊ verifying အေနနဲ႔ မွန္ကန္မွဳရိွမရိွ၊ စစ္ေဆးအတည္ၿပဳၿခင္း၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ အေၿခအေန condition of the ship နဲ႔ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔၊ စက္ပစၥည္း၊ ကရိယာ၊ equipments ေတြဟာ အၿပည္ၿပည္ဆိုင္ရာသေဘာတူညီခၽက္ international conventions ေတြအရ၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW အစရိွတဲ႔ နည္းဥပေဒ regulations ေတြနဲ႔ compliance အၿဖစ္၊ ကိုက္ညီမွဳရိွမရိွ စစ္ေဆးၿခင္းနဲ႔ သေဘ္ာကို manned and operated အေနနဲ႔ စီမံခန္႔ခြဲၿပီး ေမာင္းနွင္အသံုးၿပဳရာမွာ၊ ကၽင္႔သံုးရမယ္႔ အၿပည္ၿပည္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ applicable international law ေတြကို၊ လိုက္နာၿခင္းရိွမရိွ စစ္ေဆးၿခင္းတို႔ ပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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(၁၉၇၈) ခုနွစ္မွာ၊ ဥေရာပတိုင္းၿပည္ေတြဟာ၊ သေဘ္ာသားေတြရဲ႕ အခြင္႔အေရး labour conditions ေတြနဲ႔ပက္သက္ၿပီး၊ ILO ဆိုတဲ႔ အၿပည္ၿပည္ဆိုင္ရာ အလုပ္သမား အဖြဲ႔အစည္းရဲ႕ ၿပဌာန္းခၽက္ေတြအတိုင္း၊ accordance အေနနဲ႔ လိုက္နာေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးၿခင္း ရိွမရိွ၊ audit အၿဖစ္ အၿပန္အလွန္စစ္ေဆးရန္၊ သေဘာတူခဲ႔ၿပီး၊ Netherlands နိဳင္ငံ The Hague ၿမိဳ႕မွာ၊ အသိအမွတ္ၿပဳ သေဘာတူညီခၽက္ 'memorandum' ကို လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးခဲ႔ႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> M.T
Amoco Cadiz (PoR : Liberia, IMO number : 7336422, LOA : 334.02 m, Beam : 51.06 m, Draught : 19.80 m, Single screw, 22,700 kW diesel engine.)</div>
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အဲဒီနွစ္မွာပဲ 'Amoco Cadiz' ဆိုတဲ႔ ေရနံတင္သေဘ္ာ နစ္ၿမဳတ္ခဲ႔တဲ႔အတြက္၊ safety and pollution ဆိုတဲ႔ ေဘးအနၳရာယ္ကင္းရွင္းေရးနဲ႔ ပတ္ဝန္းကၽင္ညစ္ညမ္းမွဳ တားဆီးေရးကိစၥေတြကိုပါ၊ အၿပန္အလွန္စစ္ေဆးရန္ 'The Hague memorandum' မွာ၊ ထပ္မံထည္႔သြင္းခဲ႔ပါတယ္။ (၁၉၈၂) ခုနွစ္မွာေတာ႔ port state control inspection ဆိုင္ရာ၊ Paris MoU တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ Paris Memorandum of Understanding ကို၊ ဥေရာပ (၂၆) နိဳင္ငံနဲ႔ Canada နိဳင္ငံတို႔က၊ လက္ခံ သေဘာတူ လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးခဲ႔ႀကပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာမွတ္ပံုတင္ထားရာတိုင္းၿပည္ flag state မွ ၿပဌာန္းခၽက္ေတြ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ flags of convenience ေတြနဲ႔ ပက္သက္ၿပီး၊ လိုက္နာရန္ ပၽက္ကြက္ၿခင္း failure ေတြနဲ႔ flags of convenience အရ၊ လိုက္နာေဆာင္ရြက္ေပမယ္႔ အၿပည္ၿပည္ဆိုင္ရာ၊ ကုန္သြယ္ေရေႀကာင္းခရီးကို သြားလာရာမွာ၊ international conventions ေတြအရ၊ သေဘာတူ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW အစရိွတဲ႔ နည္းဥပေဒ regulations ေတြကို လိုက္နာရန္ပၽက္ကြက္ၿခင္းနဲ႔ ကိုက္ညီမွဳ compliance မရိွၿခင္း ကို၊ port state control inspection အေနနဲ႔ စစ္ေဆးေတြ႔ရိွခဲ႔ပါက၊ သေဘ္ာမွ၊ ၿပဳၿပင္ၿခင္း rectification အား၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၿပီး၊ classification societies အေနနဲ႔ survey and certification duties အၿဖစ္၊ 'ထပ္မံစစ္ေဆးၿခင္း' ၿဖင္႔၊ အတည္ၿပဳေပးရန္ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Port state control agreements' - </span>Paris MoU ရဲ႕ ေနာက္မွာေတာ႔၊ ေဒသဆိုင္ရာ regional MOUs ေတြအၿဖစ္၊ Pacific Ocean region ေဒသအတြက္ Tokyo MOU , South and Central America region အတြက္ Acuerdo Latino or Acuerdo de Viña del Mar, Caribbean ေဒသအတြက္ Caribbean MoU, ေၿမထဲပင္လယ္ေဒသအတြက္ Mediterranean MoU, အိနၷိယသမုဒၵရာေဒသအတြက္ Indian Ocean MoU, West and Central Africa အတြက္ Abuja MoU, ပင္လယ္နက္ေဒသအတြက္ Black Sea MoU နဲ႔ Persian Gulf အတြက္ Riyadh MoU တို႔ကို၊ သက္ဆိုင္ရာတိုင္းၿပည္ေတြမွ၊ သေဘာတူလက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးခဲ႔ႀကပါတယ္။ </div>
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Tokyo MoU ကို၊ Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Fiji, Hong Kong(China), Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, The Russian Federation, Singapore, Thailand, Vanuatu နဲ႔ Vietnam အစရိွတဲ႔ နိဳင္ငံေပါင္း (၁၈) နိဳင္ငံမွ၊ သေဘာတူ လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးထားပါတယ္။ Acuerdo Latino or Acuerdo de Viña del Mar သို႔မဟုတ္ Acuerdo de Viña del Mar Agreement လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ The Latin American Agreement on Port State Control of Vessels ကိုေတာ႔၊ Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay နဲ႔ Venezuela အစရိွတဲ႔ နိဳင္ငံေပါင္း (၁၃) နိဳင္ငံမွ၊ သေဘာတူလက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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Caribbean MoU ကို၊ Antigua & Barbuda, Aruba, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, the Cayman Islands, Curaçao, Cuba, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, the Netherlands, St. Kitts and Nevis, Suriname နဲ႔ Trinidad and Tobago အစရိွတဲ႔ နိဳင္ငံေတြမွ၊ သေဘာတူလက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးထားၿပီး၊ Mediterranean MOU သို႔မဟုတ္ Mediterranean MoU on PSC ကိုေတာ႔၊ Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Tunisia နဲ႔ Turkey Venezuela အစရိွတဲ႔ နိဳင္ငံေပါင္း (၁၀) နိဳင္ငံမွ၊ သေဘာတူလက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးထားပါတယ္။</div>
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Paris MoU အရ၊ 'PSC Inspection' ဆိုတဲ႔ 'Port State Control Inspection' အၿဖစ္၊ သေဘ္ာေရာက္ရိွရာ ဆိပ္ကမ္းရဲ႕၊ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ ေရေႀကာင္းအာဏာပိုင္ အဖြဲ႔အစည္းေတြမွ၊ သေဘ္ာေတြကို၊ စစ္ေဆးခဲ႔ရာမွာ၊ (၂၀၀၇) ခုနွစ္အတြင္း၊ deficiencies ဆိုတဲ႔ ခၽိဳ႕ယြင္းခၽက္ေပါင္း၊ (၇၄, ၇၁၃) ခုေတြ႔ရိွခဲ႔သလို၊ detentions အေနနဲ႔ သေဘ္ာကို ထိမ္းသိမ္းအေရးယူမွဳေပါင္း (၁၂, ၅၀) ခုခန္႔ ေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ႔ရတယ္လို႔၊ မွတ္တမ္းမၽားအရ သိရပါတယ္။</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ypNpwb_mXZZTvn8AoEM0Mqu_haEUyAWV2TweMZAIKi-ik8-UXeYRg34TW1lgkMPkk9gqpXIC6yzyuHDrDtDYfysv0KxxWHKkop3H_lCcxghf4You1lUdAsU5pHFWkmZaiZn4Bv_6XQF0/s1600/500px-Portstatecontrol.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ypNpwb_mXZZTvn8AoEM0Mqu_haEUyAWV2TweMZAIKi-ik8-UXeYRg34TW1lgkMPkk9gqpXIC6yzyuHDrDtDYfysv0KxxWHKkop3H_lCcxghf4You1lUdAsU5pHFWkmZaiZn4Bv_6XQF0/s1600/500px-Portstatecontrol.svg.png" /> </a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b> Fig.</b></i></span> Signatories to the Paris MOU (blue), Tokyo MOU (red), Indian Ocean MOU
(green), Mediterranean MOU (dark green), Acuerdo Latino (yellow),
Caribbean MOU (olive), Abuja MOU (dark red), Black Sea MOU (cyan) and
Riyadh MOU (navy). </div>
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အလားတူ Indian Ocean MoU ကို၊ Australia, Bangladesh, Djibouti, Eritrea, France(La Reunion Island), India, Iran, Kenya, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Myanmar, Oman, Seychelles, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania နဲ႔ Yemen အစရိွတဲ႔ နိဳင္ငံေတြမွ၊ သေဘာတူ လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးထားၿပီး၊ Abuja MoU ဆိုတဲ႔ West and Central Africa MoU ကိုေတာ႔ Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Congo, Cote d’ Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia, Mauritania, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea Bissau, The Gambia နဲ႔ Togo အစရိွတဲ႔ နိဳင္ငံေတြမွ၊ သေဘာတူ လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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ပင္လယ္နက္ေဒသအတြက္ Black Sea MoU ဆိုတဲ႔ Black Sea Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control ကိုေတာ႔ Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey နဲ႔ Ukraine အစရိွတဲ႔ နိဳင္ငံေပါင္း (၆) နိဳင္ငံမွ၊ သေဘာတူ လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးထားသလို၊ Persian Gulf အတြက္ Riyadh MoU ကို Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia နဲ႔ UAE အစရိွတဲ႔ နိဳင္ငံေတြမွ၊ သေဘာတူလက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးထားပါတယ္။</div>
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အေမရိကန္နိဳင္ငံကေတာ႔ မည္သည္႔ MoU ကိုမွ၊ သေဘာတူ လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးထားၿခင္း မရိွသလို၊ United States waters ဆိုတဲ႔ အေမရိကန္ေရပိုင္နက္အတြင္း၊ ဝင္ေရာက္ သြားလာမယ္႔ ကုန္သြယ္ေရေႀကာင္း သေဘ္ာေတြဟာ၊ international conventions ေတြအရ၊ သေဘာတူ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ နည္းဥပေဒ regulations ေတြနဲ႔ applicable U.S. laws ဆိုတဲ႔ အေမရိကန္နိဳင္ငံမွ ၿပဌာန္းထားတဲ႔ ဥပေဒေတြကို၊ လိုက္နာရန္ပၽက္ကြက္မွဳ ရိွမရိွနဲ႔ ကၽင္႔သံုးမွဳ ရိွမရိွအား၊ ' United States Coast Guard' မွ၊ စစ္ေဆးေစပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Detention of ship under Port State Control' -</span> deficiencies ေတြကို၊ minor infractions တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ ၿပဌာန္းခၽက္အတိုင္း၊ လိုက္နာေဆာင္ရြက္ၿခင္းမရိွတဲ႔ ပၽက္ကြက္မွဳအေသးစား minor violation သို႔မဟုတ္ minor infringement of a law အၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္ခဲ႔လၽွင္ ၿပဳၿပင္အေရးယူၿခင္းအား၊ သေဘ္ာမွ တာဝန္ရိွသူမၽားက၊ (၁၄) ရက္အတြင္း ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးရန္ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ ၿပဳၿပင္အေရးယူၿခင္း rectification အား၊ ခၽက္ၿခင္းမေဆာင္ရြက္နိဳင္တဲ႔ အေၿခအေန under specific conditions အၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္ခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ သေဘ္ာထြက္ခြာသြားၿပီး ေနာက္ထပ္ ဆိုက္ကပ္မယ္႔ ship arrives at the next port ဆိပ္ကမ္းမွာ၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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ဒါ႔အၿပင္ port state inspection စစ္ေဆးၿခင္းခံရတဲ႔ သေဘ္ာေရာက္ရိွ ဆိုက္ကပ္ရာ ဆိပ္ကမ္းမွတင္၊ သေဘ္ာ မထြက္ခြာခင္ ၿပဳၿပင္အေရးယူၿခင္း rectification အား၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးရန္ သတ္မွတ္ထားသလို၊ အကယ္၍ အေရးႀကီးတဲ႔ major infractions အၿဖစ္၊ စစ္ေဆးေတြ႔ရိွခဲ႔ပါက၊ detentions အၿဖစ္၊ သေဘ္ာကို ထြက္ခြာခြင္႔မေပးပဲ၊ ထိမ္းသိမ္းအေရးယူမွဳအား ခၽက္ၿခင္းေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Paris MoU NIR' -</span> Paris MoU New Inspection Regime ဟာ၊ recently-implemented system အၿဖစ္၊ (၂၀၁၁) ခုနွစ္၊ ဇန္နဝါရီလ (၁) ရက္ေန႔မွ၊ စတင္ကာ၊ လက္ရိွကၽင္႔သံုးေနႀကတဲ႔ သေဘ္ာေရာက္ရိွရာ ဆိပ္ကမ္းရဲ႕၊ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ ေရေႀကာင္းအာဏာပိုင္ အဖြဲ႔အစည္းမွ၊ သေဘ္ာအား စစ္ေဆးၿခင္းၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ စစ္ေဆးမွဳကို vessel's risk profile ဆိုတဲ႔ ေဘးအနၳရာယ္ ၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္မွဳ အေၿခအေနအား၊ အေၿခခံကာ ကာလအပိုင္းအၿခား frequency အလိုက္၊ ပံုမွန္ေဆာင္ရြက္ပါတယ္။ risk profiles အား၊ ေနာက္ဆံုးစစ္ေဆးခဲ႔စဥ္မွ၊ ေတြ႔ရိွမွဳရလဒ္ previous inspection results, သေဘ္ာကို ထြက္ခြာခြင္႔မေပးပဲ၊ ထိမ္းသိမ္းအေရးယူၿခင္း ခံရမွဳအရည္အတြက္ number of detentions, သေဘ္ာကို စီမံခန္႔ခြဲေနသူေတြရဲ႕ အရည္အေသြး management company performance, သေဘ္ာမွတ္ပံုတင္ထားရိွရာ တိုင္းၿပည္ရဲ႕ အေၿခအေန flag state performance နဲ႔ သက္ေသခံလက္မွတ္ statutory certificate ထုတ္ေပးထားတဲ႔ အဖြဲ႔အစည္းရဲ႕ အေနအထား classification society performance တို႔ကို၊ အေၿခခံကာ low, medium နဲ႔ high ရယ္လို႔ ခြဲၿခား သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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Paris MoU NIR ကို၊ လက္ခံသေဘာတူထားတဲ႔ နိဳင္ငံေတြကေတာ႔ Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden နဲ႔ United Kingdom တို႔ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ စုစုေပါင္း (၂၇) နိဳင္ငံပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ Paris MOU ကို၊ လက္ခံသေဘာတူထားတဲ႔ နိဳင္ငံေတြရဲ႕ ဆိပ္ကမ္းေတြကို၊ သေဘ္ာဝင္ေရာက္ဆိုက္ကပ္လၽွင္၊ pre-arrival reporting obligations အေနနဲ႔ ႀကိဳတင္အေႀကာင္းႀကားရန္၊ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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pre-arrival reporting obligations ကို၊ (၇၂) နာရီႀကိဳတင္အေႀကာင္းႀကားၿခင္းနဲ႔ (၂၄) နာရီႀကိဳတင္အေႀကာင္းႀကားၿခင္း ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားသတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ expanded inspection အၿဖစ္၊ အစစ္ေဆးခံရန္ (၇၂) နာရီႀကိဳတင္ အေႀကာင္းႀကားရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Reference and image credit to :</b></i></span> <span class="reference-text">"Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Asia-Pacific Region", as amended 20 November 2008. Available from: <a class="external free" href="http://www.tokyo-mou.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.tokyo-mou.org/ .,</a></span><span class="reference-text"> "Latin American Agreement on Port State Control of Vessels (Viña del Mar, 1992)", as amended 2008. Available from: <a class="external free" href="http://www.acuerdolatino.int.ar/" rel="nofollow">http://www.acuerdolatino.int.ar/ ., </a></span><span class="reference-text">"Caribbean Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control", 1996. Available from: <a class="external free" href="http://www.caribbeanmou.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.caribbeanmou.org.,</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Mediterranean Region", as amended 27 November 2006. Available from: <a class="external free" href="http://www.medmou.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.medmou.org.,</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Indian Ocean Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control", as amended October 2003. Available from: <a class="external free" href="http://www.iomou.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.iomou.org</a>.,</span><b> </b><span class="reference-text">"Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control for the West & Central African Region", 30 October 1998. Available from: <a class="external free" href="http://www.abujamou.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.abujamou.org.,</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Black Sea Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control", as amended 01 January 2006. Available from: <a class="external free" href="http://www.bsmou.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.bsmou.org.,</a></span><span class="reference-text"> "Riyadh Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control in the Gulf Region", June 2005. Available from: <a class="external free" href="http://www.riyadhmou.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.riyadhmou.org/.,</a></span><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_State_Control#cite_ref-ParisMoU2007_9-1"><sup><i><b></b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris Mou (2007), "Deficiencies per major category", Annual Report 2007 - Paris MoU on Port State Control, Month Date, pp.22-23.,</span> <span class="reference-text">Özçayir,
Z.O. (2004), "Practical Implication of Port State Control: The
Contractual Effect of Port State Control Detentions". In Mitropoulos,
E.E. Port State Control, 2nd ed, LLP, London, pp.509, 520-521.,</span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor v Caldwell [1863] 122 ER 309,</span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, T. (2009), "Contract Law Concept", [LGT4016] Maritime Law Lecture Note, p.61.,</span> <span class="reference-text">Texas Company v. Hogarth Shipping Corp (1921) 256 U.S. 619,</span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson v Union Marine Insurance Co (1874) L.R. 10 C.P. 125.,</span><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_State_Control#cite_ref-ParisMoI2009_15-1"><sup><i><b></b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris
Mou (2009), The Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State
Control. Deficiencies, detentions and rectifications. Available from: <a class="external free" href="http://www.parismou.org/ParisMOU/Organisation/About+Us/Detention/xp/menu.3961/default.aspx" rel="nofollow">http://www.parismou.org/ParisMOU/Organisation/About+Us/Detention/xp/menu.3961/default.aspx</a> [Accessed: March 11, 2009].</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-72767158342696193812013-06-28T17:08:00.000-07:002013-06-28T18:29:49.365-07:00"International shore connection and Fire control plan"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ၊ fire fighting မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ၿခင္းဆိုတဲ႔ fire fighting အား ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာမွာ၊ မီးေလာင္မွဳ အမၽိဳးအစားေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ portable fire fighting equipments ေတြနဲ႔ fixed fire fighting equipment ေတြကို၊ ေရြးခၽယ္သံုးစြဲရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ fixed fire fighting installation ဟာ၊ ေနရာတိုင္းမွာ အသံုးၿပဳလို႔ မရတာကိုလည္း ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ ေယဘုယၽအားၿဖင္႔ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ တတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွတဲ႔ fixed fire fighting installation အမၽဳိးအစားေတြကေတာ႔၊ fire main system, automatic fire sprinkler system, foam installation system ေတြနဲ႔ ကာဘြန္ဒိုင္ေအာက္ဆိုဒ္ဓါတ္ေငြ႔ကို အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ CO2 installation system တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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ဟိုးအရင္က halon installation system ကို၊ fixed fire fighting installation အေနနဲ႔၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳခဲ႔ႀကပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႔ IMO ရဲ႕ resolution MSC.27(61) air pollution prevention convention အရ၊ (၁၉၉၄) ခုနွစ္မွ စတင္ၿပီး၊ halon installation system ထည္႔သြင္းတတ္ဆင္ၿခင္းအား တားၿမစ္ခဲ႔သလို၊ အကယ္၍ မူလကတည္းက halon system တတ္ဆင္ၿပီးသား သေဘ္ာေတြကိုေတာ႔၊ CFC free ၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ အၿခားေသာ halon alternative နည္းလမ္းေတြၿဖင္႔၊ ေၿပာင္းလဲတတ္ဆင္ရန္၊ ၿပဌာန္းခဲ႔ပါတယ္။<br />
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SOLAS Chapter II-2, Regulation 7 အရ၊ output power (၃၇၅) ကီလိုဝပ္ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ ၿမင္းေကာင္ေရ (၅၁၀) ထက္ေကၽာ္တဲ႔၊ စက္ပစၥည္းေတြ တတ္ဆင္ထားမယ္႔ machinery spaces ေတြနဲ႔ oil-fired boiler rooms, purifier rooms ေတြမွာ၊ fixed fire fighting installation အား၊ ထည္႔သြင္းတတ္ဆင္ရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ fixed fire fighting installation အၿဖစ္ water spray systems လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ fire sprinkler system, CO2 installation system နဲ႔ high expansion foam installation systems အစရိွတဲ႔၊ installation system (၃) မၽိဳးထဲမွ တမၽိဳးအား၊ ထည္႔သြင္းတတ္ဆင္ထားရန္ သတ္မွတ္ထားၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာေတာ႔ SOLAS Chapter II-2, Regulation 10 (equivalent standard: IMO - MSC/Circ. 668/728) အရ၊ water mist systems, inside air high expansion foam systems နဲ႔ equivalent standard: IMO Circ. 776 အရ၊ alternative gas extinguishing systems တို႔ကိုပါ၊ fixed fire fighting installation အၿဖစ္ထည္႔သြင္းတတ္ဆင္နိဳင္တယ္လို႔၊ သတ္မွတ္ခဲ႔ပါတယ္။<br />
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fixed fire fighting installation အမၽဳိးအစား အမၽားစုဟာဟာ၊ ေရကိုအသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္ ရည္ရြယ္ၿပီး၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ သေဘ္ာမွ pump ေတြဟာ အေႀကာင္းတစံုတခုေႀကာင္႔ failure ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ အသံုးမၿပဳနိဳင္ခဲ႔လၽွင္ အၿခားသေဘ္ာ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ သေဘ္ာဆိုက္ကပ္ထားရာ၊ ဆိပ္ကမ္းမွ pump ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ international shore connection flange မွ တဆင္႔၊ ဆက္သြယ္ကာ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ international shore connection flange အား ဆိပ္ကမ္းရိွ fire line မွ၊ မည္သည္႕ flange အမၽိဳးအစားမၽိဳးမွာမဆို၊ အလြယ္တကူ တတ္ဆင္နိဳင္ေစရန္၊ SLOAS regulation ၿဖင္႔ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHuwdCiqNLB4PHyetAGLKwhmZQpytPRyudNh19UMqw-4xIQQbZQEPsn0OpHfNCBlNNQ5TihU1IynwY3gfEFmabusTxYTlmkmcn_IMPi8cIz0ovoVEhCCqbqF6Bjv5PlseLzdDWw_DPoYN2/s541/New+Picture+(3).bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHuwdCiqNLB4PHyetAGLKwhmZQpytPRyudNh19UMqw-4xIQQbZQEPsn0OpHfNCBlNNQ5TihU1IynwY3gfEFmabusTxYTlmkmcn_IMPi8cIz0ovoVEhCCqbqF6Bjv5PlseLzdDWw_DPoYN2/s1600/New+Picture+(3).bmp" /> </a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> International shore connection flange </div>
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သေဘ္ာတစီးမွာ ရိွရမယ္႔ shore connection flange (၃) မၽိဳးရိွပါတယ္။
အလြယ္တကူေၿပာရလၽွင္ SOLAS Regulation အရ shore connection flange (၁) ခုနဲ႔
MARPOL Regulation အရ၊ shore connection flange (၂) ခုဆိုၿပီး၊
ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ SOLAS Regulation အရ FSS Code Chapter (2) International shore connections, paragraph 2.1 အရ တတ္ဆင္ထားရမယ္႔ shore connection flange ဟာ၊ ေရကိုအသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္ၿခင္းမွာ အသံုးၿပဳရန္ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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MARPOL Regulation အရ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားရမယ္႔ shore connection flanges ေတြကို၊ MARPOL Annex I - Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil from Ships အရ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားရမယ္႔ shore connection flange နဲ႔ MARPOL Annex IV - Regulations for Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships အရ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားရမယ္႔ shore connection flange ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzuXDIUWD4-B0EgeAzKA-xKlVQBztq1sVsgFMptsMXTmu4TtuvS4Nvi6LiWtvzOrgW630m3DUPE26_JhHeSRgElFPkfr0L2gJEBqKQlNWOEha5QulQ7fMPD06aZuRy_lFFXovArkdIGryp/s716/New+Picture+(6).bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzuXDIUWD4-B0EgeAzKA-xKlVQBztq1sVsgFMptsMXTmu4TtuvS4Nvi6LiWtvzOrgW630m3DUPE26_JhHeSRgElFPkfr0L2gJEBqKQlNWOEha5QulQ7fMPD06aZuRy_lFFXovArkdIGryp/s640/New+Picture+(6).bmp" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig. </b></i></span>Standard discharge flange for residues from machinery bilges from sludge tanks</div>
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MARPOL Annex I - Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil from Ships အရ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားရမယ္႔ shore connection flange ရဲ႕ အရြယ္အစားကို၊ MARPOL Annex I - Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil from Ships ရဲ႕ Chapter (3) - Requirements for machinery spaces of all ships, Part (A) - Construction မွာ Regulation (13) - Standard discharge connection ဆိုၿပီး၊ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ အလြယ္တကူ ေၿပာရလၽွင္ အေပါက္ (၆) ေပါက္ပါရိွတယ္လို႔ ဆိုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj98stOmAhgP1oI0-lDb4allozzilStcxvf4rE22OmKMPhIlQ1G5HT302tXEAtF-FziP78xXHz5s48TqRGN2jjR_JVK-94mga92rdZzqPx4pa6k6a1fU9y4ZZExpeNO84Y_55N4ZAWAeVbi/s778/New+Picture+(9).bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj98stOmAhgP1oI0-lDb4allozzilStcxvf4rE22OmKMPhIlQ1G5HT302tXEAtF-FziP78xXHz5s48TqRGN2jjR_JVK-94mga92rdZzqPx4pa6k6a1fU9y4ZZExpeNO84Y_55N4ZAWAeVbi/s640/New+Picture+(9).bmp" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Standard discharge flange for sewage </div>
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MARPOL Annex IV - Regulations for Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships အရ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားရမယ္႔ shore connection flange ရဲ႕ အရြယ္အစားကိုလည္း၊ Chapter (3) - Equipment and control of discharge, Regulation (10) - Standard discharge connections ဆိုၿပီး၊ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ အလြယ္တကူ ေၿပာရလၽွင္ အေပါက္ (၄) ေပါက္ ပါရိွတယ္လို႔ ဆိုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Fire Control Plan </div>
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international shore connection ေတြကဲ႔သို႔ mandatory requirement ၿပဌာန္းခၽက္ေႀကာင္႔၊ မရိွမၿဖစ္ပါဝင္ရမယ္႔ အရာတခုကတာ႔၊ SOLAS Chapter II-2, Regulation 15 အရ၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ Fire Control Plan ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ fire control plan မွာ၊ deck အထပ္တိုင္းရဲ႕ fire station အပါအဝင္၊ သေဘ္ာတည္ေဆာက္ပံုအရ၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ “A” class division enclosed space, “B” class division enclosed space နဲ႔ bulkheads ေတြမွစၿပီး၊ သေဘ္ာမွာတတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔၊ fire detection system နဲ႔ fire fighting systems ေတြနဲ႔ ပက္သက္တဲ႔၊ အခၽက္အလက္ေတြ အားလံုးကို၊ ထည္႔သြင္းေဖာ္ၿပထားပါတယ္။ fire control plan ကိုႀကည္႔လိုက္တာနဲ႔၊ fire alarm systems, sprinkler installation, extinguishing appliances, compartments နဲ႔ decks ေတြရဲ႕ ထြက္ေပါက္ escape ေတြ၊ ventilation system dampers ေတြနဲ႔ fans ေတြရဲ႕ remote operation အပါအဝင္၊ system ေတြ အားလံုးကို၊ အလြယ္တကူသိရိွနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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fire control plan ကို၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ main structure accommodation မွ၊ ဝင္ဝင္ၿခင္း၊ poop deck ဒါမွမဟုတ္ main deck ရဲ႕ ဝဲ၊ ယာ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ port side နဲ႔ star board side မွာ ထားရိွတဲ႔ fire control plan safety container အတြင္း ထည္႔သြင္းထားရိွပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ main structure accommodation ရဲ႕၊ သိသာထင္ရွားၿပီး အလြယ္တကူ ၿမင္ေတြ႔နိဳင္မယ္႔ passage way ဒါမွမဟုတ္ corridor ကဲ႔သို႔ေနရာမၽိဳး နဲ႔ bridge/ wheel hose အပါအဝင္၊ engine control room/ engine room မွာပါ ခၽိတ္ဆြဲေဖာ္ၿပထားပါတယ္။</div>
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fire control plan ကို ထားရိွရတဲ႔ရည္ရြယ္ခၽက္ကေတာ႔၊ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ၿခင္း fire prevention and protection သို႔မဟုတ္ fire fighting အား၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာမွာ အလြယ္တကူ ကိုးကားနိဳင္ေစရန္၊ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ လမ္းညြွန္ၿပသမွဳအေနနဲ႔ ထားရိွၿခင္းၿဖစ္သလို၊ fire control plan မွာေဖာ္ၿပထားတဲ႔ အခၽက္အလက္ information ေတြအရ၊ အခၽိန္တိုအတြင္း အလြယ္တကူ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္နိဳင္ေစရန္၊ ရည္ရြယ္ၿခင္းလည္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Reference and image credit to :</b></i></span> Marine Auxiliary Machinery By Mc George 7th edition, 1995, <a href="http://www.seacurity.nl/" target="_blank">http://www.seacurity.nl/</a>., SOLAS Regulation, MARPOL Regulation.<br />
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Remark :</span></i></b> All publications and images
herein this website are for use of educational purpose only. The owner
of this web site is not responsible for the consequences in case of
violation to copyright, trademark, patent or other intellectual
property rights of any third party. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-64390476782952259052013-06-27T16:27:00.001-07:002013-06-27T16:27:36.494-07:00"Fire main system - Fire hydrants, fire hoses, fire nozzles and Automatic fire sprinkler system"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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SOLAS Regulation အရ၊ GRT တန္ခၽိန္ (၄, ၀၀၀) ေအာက္ ခရီးသည္တင္ သေဘ္ာ passenger ship ေတြမွာ၊ independently driven fire pump အရည္အတြက္၊ အနည္းဆံုး (၂) လံုး၊ GRT တန္ခၽိန္ (၄, ၀၀၀) နွင္႔ အထက္မွာဆို independently driven pump အရည္အတြက္၊ အနည္းဆံုး (၃) လံုး တတ္ဆင္ထားရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ကုန္တင္သေဘ္ာ cargo ship ေတြမွာေတာ႔ GRT တန္ခၽိန္ (၁, ၀၀၀) ေအာက္မွာ power driven pump တလံုးနဲ႔၊ independently driven pump တလံုး၊ စုစုေပါင္း pump (၂) လံုး တတ္ဆင္ထားရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ အလားတူ GRT တန္ခၽိန္ (၁, ၀၀၀) နွင္႔ အထက္၊ cargo ship ေတြမွာ independently driven fire pump က၊ အနည္းဆံုး (၂) လံုး တတ္ဆင္ထားရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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main switch board မွ၊ power ေပးကာ electric motor ၿဖင္႔ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔ pump ကို power driven pump အၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ emergency switch board မွတဆင္႔၊ power ေပးၿပီး၊ electric motor ၿဖင္႔ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔ pump ကိုေတာ႔၊ independently driven pump အၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္သလို၊ engine ၿဖင္႔ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔ pump ကိုလည္း၊ independently driven pump အၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjARY05QmqWVUWbw0w8_vcqb1xsKM6ViPw9SuS3flE2KTsH8Bclqjj0va7C_4g4dHkgIBe600GXFBSOJeu3bwaQbm1rTa_DDHzjMugArb6aPXWX19Gs0XKxXsC1Dc9nCaIZHmO4k40_-mMD/s1600/image035.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjARY05QmqWVUWbw0w8_vcqb1xsKM6ViPw9SuS3flE2KTsH8Bclqjj0va7C_4g4dHkgIBe600GXFBSOJeu3bwaQbm1rTa_DDHzjMugArb6aPXWX19Gs0XKxXsC1Dc9nCaIZHmO4k40_-mMD/s400/image035.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Fire main system </div>
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GRT တန္ခၽိန္ (၁, ၀၀၀) ေအာက္ cargo ship ေတြမွာ၊ emergency generator တတ္ဆင္ထားေလ့ မရိွတဲ႔အတြက္၊ engine ၿဖင္႔ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔ independently driven fire pump (၁) လံုးပါရိွရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္္။ GRT တန္ခၽိန္ (၁, ၀၀၀) နွင္႔ အထက္၊ cargo ship ေတြမွာေတာ႔ emergency generator တတ္ဆင္ထားၿပီး၊ fire pump ေတြအတြက္ လိုအပ္တဲ႔၊ power ကို၊ main switch board မွမယူပဲ၊ emergency switch board မွရယူကာ၊ independently driven fire pump ေတြအၿဖစ္၊ အသံုးၿပဳထားပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ GS pump နဲ႔ Bilge & Ballast pump ေတြကိုလည္း၊ main fire line နဲ႔ ဆက္သြယ္ကာ၊ fire pump အၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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'Fire pump' ရဲ႕ capacity ကို၊ 'Bilge pump' ရဲ႕ capacity ၿဖင္႔ နိွဳင္းယွဥ္ေဖာ္ၿပေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ ခရီးသည္တင္သေဘ္ာ passenger ship ေတြမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ Fire pump ရဲ႕ capacity ဟာ၊ Bilge pump capacity ရဲ႕ သံုးပံုပံု နွစ္ပံု (2/ 3) ထက္ မေလၽွာ႔နည္းရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ကုန္တင္သေဘ္ာ cargo ship ေတြမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ fire pump ေတြရဲ႕ capacity ဟာ၊ SOLAS Regulation Part 1, Chapter II-1, Construction - Structure, Subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installation, Regulation 21 - Bilge pump arrangement အရ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔၊ Bilge pump capacity ရဲ႕ ေလးပံုပံု သံုးပံု (3/ 4) ထက္ မေလၽွာ႔နည္းရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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ဒါ႔အၿပင္ cargo ship ေတြမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ emergency fire pump အပါအဝင္၊ fire pump ေတြ တလံုးခၽင္းရဲ႕ capacity ဟာ<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> 25 m<sup>3</sup>/
hr </span>သို႔မဟုတ္<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> 1500 m<sup>3</sup>/
min </span>နံွဳးထက္၊ မေလၽွာ႔နည္းရန္ လိုအပ္သလို၊ pump တလံုးဟာ၊ အနည္းဆံုး water jet (၂) လံုးအား၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ ဖိအားပမာဏ pressure အတိုင္း ေပးနိဳင္ရန္လည္း၊ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ fire hydrant ေတြမွာရိွရမယ္႔ ေရ ရဲ႕ pressure ဟာ၊ GRT တန္ခၽိန္ (၄, ၀၀၀) ေအာက္ခရီးသည္တင္ passenger ship သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ၊<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> 0. 30 N/ mm<sup>2</sup></span><sup> </sup>ဖိအားပမာဏနဲ႕ တန္ခၽိန္ (၄, ၀၀၀) နွင္႔ အထက္ ခရီးသည္တင္ passenger ship သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ၊<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> 0. 40 N/ mm<sup>2 </sup></span>ဖိအားပမာဏ ရိွရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ကုန္တင္သေဘ္ာ cargo ship ေတြမွာေတာ႔ တန္ခၽိန္ (၆, ၀၀၀) ေအာက္မွာ၊<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> 0. 25 N/ mm<sup>2</sup></span><sup> </sup>ဖိအားပမာဏနဲ႕ တန္ခၽိန္ (၆, ၀၀၀) နွင္႔ အထက္မွာ<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> 0. 27 N/ mm<sup>2 </sup></span>ဖိအားပမာဏ ရိွရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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fire hose ေတြကို၊ non-perishable ဆိုတဲ႔၊ အခၽိန္အႀကာႀကီး သိမ္းဆည္းထားေပမယ္႔၊ ေဆြးေၿမ႕စုတ္ၿပဲ၊ ပၽက္စီးၿခင္း မၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္မယ္႔ synthetic rubber သို႔မဟုတ္ tetoron ကဲ႔သို႔၊ material ေတြၿဖင္႔ၿပဳလုပ္ထားပါတယ္။ fire hose အရည္အတြက္ နဲ႔ အရြယ္အစား၊ diameter ကိုေတာ႔၊ SOLAS regulation ၿဖင္႔ မသတ္မွတ္ပဲ၊ သေဘ္ာမွတ္ပံုတင္ထားရာနိဳင္ငံမွ၊ ၿပဌာန္းထားတဲ႔ Merchant Shipping Act အရ၊ ဆံုးၿဖတ္သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ ေယဘုယၽအေနနဲ႔ (၂) လက္မနဲ႔ (၂) လက္မခြဲ diameter အရြယ္အစားရိွတဲ႔၊ fire hose ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ <br />
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fire hydrant အရည္အတြက္ကေတာ႔၊ အသံုးၿပဳထားရိွရမယ္႔ fire hose ရဲ႕ အလၽွား၊ အရွည္ေပါါမူတည္ပါတယ္။ fire hydrant တခုမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ fire hose ရဲ႕ အလၽွားဟာ၊ ေနာက္ထပ္ fire hydrant တခုအထိ၊ အမီွေရာက္ရိွရန္လိုပါတယ္။ SOLAS Regulation အရ၊ ခရီးသည္ (၃၆) ေယာက္နွင္႔ အထက္ သယ္ေဆာင္မယ္႔ passenger ship ေတြရဲ႕ interior location မွာ၊ အနည္းဆုံး ၁၀ မီတာရွည္တဲ႔ fire hose အား၊ အသံုးၿပဳရန္သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔တြက္၊ (၁၀) မီတာ အကြာအေဝးတိုင္းမွာ၊ fire hydrant တခုစီ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားရိွရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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GRT တန္ခၽိန္ (၁, ၀၀၀) နွင္႔ အထက္၊ cargo ship ေတြမွာ၊ fire hose ရဲ႕ အလၽွားဟာ မီတာ (၃၀) ထက္မနည္းရန္ သတ္မွတ္ထားသလို၊ hose အရည္အတြက္အေနနဲ႔ (၅) ခု ထက္မနည္း၊ ပါရိွရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ တည္ေဆာက္ပံုအရ၊ machinery space, interior space နဲ႔ open deck မွာတတ္ဆင္ထားရိွတဲ႔ hydrant အရည္အတြက္နဲ႔ ညီမၽွတဲ႔၊ fire hose ေတြကို၊ ထားရိွရမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ စုစုေပါင္း hose အရည္အတြက္ထက္၊ တစံုပိုၿပီး၊ အရံ spare hose အေနနဲ႔ ပါရိွရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ GTR တန္ခၽိန္ (၁, ၀၀၀) ေအာက္မွာေတာ႔၊ အနည္းဆံုး hose (၃) ခုပါဝင္ရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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fire hydrant ေတြတိုင္းမွာ၊ isolating valve ေတြကို တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ hydrant ရဲ႕ connection ဟာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔၊ hose coupling အေပါါ မူတည္သလို၊ hose coupling ဟာလည္း၊ nozzles ရဲ႕ connection type ေတြအေပါါ မူတည္ပါတယ္။ အသံုးမၽားတဲ႔ coupling နဲ႔ connection type ေတြကေတာ႔၊ Nakajama, Machino, John Morris, Nor, ANSI pin, ANSI slotter, French နဲ႔ Storz Type တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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fire nozzles အမၽိဳးအစားေတြကုိ solid bore (or) smooth bore nozzle, single gallonage (or) variable pressure/ variable flow nozzle, adjustable gallonage nozzle, automatic (or) constant pressure nozzle နဲ႔ multi-purpose nozzle ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားသတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ nozzle အမၽိဳးအစားေတြ ကြဲၿပားေပမယ္႔၊ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ရာမွာ လံုေလာက္တဲ႔ ေရပမာဏကို၊ ထုတ္ေပးနိဳင္ရန္၊ ထုတ္ေပးလိုက္တဲ႔ေရဟာ လိုအပ္တဲ႔ form ဖြဲ႔စည္းပံုအတိုင္းရိွေနေစရန္နဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ေနတဲ႔ေနရာသို႔၊ တိကၽစြာ ေရာက္ရိွသြားေစရန္ ဆိုတဲ႔၊ အေၿခခံအခၽက္ေတြ အားလံုးကေတာ႔ အတူတူပဲၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ nozzles ေတြမွ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးတဲ႔ main function (၃) မၽိဳးကို၊ control flow, provide reach နဲ႔ crate shape ဆိုၿပီး၊ အလြယ္တကူ မွတ္သားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ nozzle အတြင္းမွ orifice ဟာ၊ ေရရဲ႕ flow ကို control လုပ္သလို၊ ေရရဲ႕ pressure အား၊ velocity အၿဖစ္ေၿပာင္းလဲေပးပါတယ္။<br />
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<img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZ16x1Gsl1Uap2ZtfG_S9uejSkH_efI_GjRjiVmt16JRx3QqbgJYGa6sBpXF4_WfAv9-7Fb9FxKeoJTBsCwc5xwis_NXK_7SUm9Oe8oBqq5SuLTrvc4CJ6rWBQoYQjoyniFCtiHds45c4/s200/37642149.jpg" width="121" /> </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Multipurpose nozzle</div>
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မီးေလာင္မွဳ အေၿခအေနအပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ ေရကို၊ strait steam အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္လိုအပ္သလို၊ တခါတရံမွာေတာ႔ heat adsorption capability အေနနဲ႔ အပူရိွန္ကိုေလၽွာ႔ခၽရင္းကာ၊ radiant heat protection အၿဖစ္ အပူရိွန္ၿပန္႔ကူးမွဳကို တားဆီးၿပီး၊ ေရကို spray အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္ လိုအပ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ ေရရဲ႕ shape သို႔မဟုတ္ ဖြဲ႔စည္းပံု form အား၊ nozzle ေတြမွ ေၿပာင္းလဲေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာေတာ႔ solid bore nozzles သို႔မဟုတ္ jet type nozzles ေတြနဲ႔၊ single gallonage nozzle လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ spray nozzle သို႔မဟုတ္ fog nozzle ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳၿခင္းမရိွသလို၊ jet nozzle နဲ႔ spray nozzle အၿဖစ္၊ လိုအပ္သလို ေၿပာင္းလဲသံုးစြဲနိဳင္တဲ႔၊ multi-purpose nozzles ေတြကိုသာ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။<br />
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SOLAS regulation, Part 1, Chapter II-2 Construction - Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction, Part C : Suppression of fire, Regulation 10.2.3.3.1 မွာ၊ 12mm, 16mm နဲ႔ 19mm diameter အရြယ္အစားရိွတဲ႔၊ nozzles ေတြကိုအသံုးၿပဳရန္၊ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ accommodation နဲ႔ service space ေတြမွာ၊ 12mm diameter အရြယ္အစား nozzles ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ machinery space နဲ႔ exterior location ေတြမွာေတာ႔၊ 12mm diameter ထက္ႀကီးၿပီး၊ 19mm diameter အရြယ္အစား ထက္မပိုတဲ႔ nozzles ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ 19mm diameter အရြယ္အစားထက္ ပိုမိုႀကီးမားတဲ႔ nozzles ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳမယ္ဆိုလၽွင္၊ administration ဆိုတဲ႔၊ သေဘ္ာမွတ္ပံုတင္ထားရာနိဳင္ငံမွ၊ ၿပဌာန္းထားတဲ႔ Merchant Shipping Act အရ၊ ဆံုးၿဖတ္ေပးရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Automatic fire sprinkler system' -</b></span> မီးစတင္ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းၿခင္းအား၊ သိနိဳင္ေစရန္၊ fire detection system ေတြ တတ္ဆင္ထားသလို၊ မီးစတင္ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းၿခင္းအား၊ သိရိွတာနဲ႔ တၿပိဳင္နက္တည္းမွာ fire protection နဲ႔ fire prevention လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔၊ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ၿခင္း တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ fire fighting ကို၊ အခၽိန္နဲ႔ တေၿပးညီေဆာင္ရြက္နိဳင္မွသာ၊ ဆံုးရံွဳးပၽက္စီးမွဳအား၊ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽနိဳင္မွာ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းအား ခၽက္ၿခင္းသိရိွေပမယ္႔ fire main system မွ၊ 'ေရ' ကို
အသံုးၿပဳကာ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ၿခင္းနဲ႔ foam,<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> CO<sub>2 </sub></span>အစရိွတဲ႔ extinguishing system
ေတြ အသံုးၿပဳကာ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ၿခင္းတို႔ကို၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာမွာ စနစ္တကၽ fire plan
ေရးဆြဲထားေပမယ္႔၊ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္တဲ႔ fire squid ေတြရဲ႕
တုန္႔ၿပန္ အေရးယူေဆာင္ရြက္မွဳ response ေနွးေကြးကၽန္႔ႀကာတတ္ၿခင္း၊ FFA
ဆိုတဲ႔ fire fighting appliances ေတြကို၊
ရုတ္တရက္ အသံုးမၿပဳနိဳင္ၿခင္း၊ အစရိွတဲ႔ အၿဖစ္အပၽက္၊ အေႀကာင္းအရာေတြ
ေပါါေပါက္တတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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ဆံုးရံွဳးပၽက္စီးမွဳအတိုင္းအတာကို၊ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽနိဳင္ရန္ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ မီးစတင္ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းၿခင္းအား၊ သိရိွတာနဲ႔ တၿပိဳင္နက္တည္း အခၽိန္နဲ႔ တေၿပးညီ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္မွဳ ေဆာင္ရြက္နိဳင္ရန္၊ အလိုအေလၽွာက္ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ေပးနိဳင္တဲ႔ fire sprinkler system ေတြကို၊ sensitive areas ဆိုတဲ႔၊ မီးေလာင္မွဳ၊ အလြယ္တကူ ေပါါေပါက္နိဳင္တဲ႔ ေနရာေတြမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ ေယဘုယၽအားၿဖင္႔ fire sprinkler system ေတြကို၊ accommodation areas ေတြ၊ machinery spaces ေတြ၊ forecastle မွ၊ bosun store ကဲ႔သို႔ area ေတြနဲ႔ paint store area ေတြမွာ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။<br />
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automatic fire sprinkler system မွာ၊ pressure water tank မွတဆင္႔၊ အလိုရိွတဲ႔ compartments ေတြအထိ ေရကို piping ေတြသြယ္တန္းကာ၊ sprinkler heads ေတြတတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ပါတယ္။ water tank ရဲ႕တဝက္ေလာက္အထိ၊ fresh water ကိုၿဖည္႔သြင္းထားၿပီး၊ compressed air ကိုလည္း pressure တန္ဘိုးတခု ရရိွလာသည္အထိ၊ ၿဖည္႔သြင္းထာပါတယ္။ အေဝးဆံုး ဒါမွမဟုတ္ အၿမင္႔ဆံုးေနရာမွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔၊ sprinkler head အထိ၊ ေရလံုေလာက္စြာ ေပးပို႔နိဳင္ရန္၊ pressure tank မွာ၊ 4.8 bar ထက္ မေလၽွာ႔နည္းတဲ႔ pressurized တန္ဘိုးတခုရိွေနဖို႔၊ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgradq9rQbGnmmK4VLxmhuxNsWJLriNgXdFEIMYyONJddkXSdIRQMD80xUNykKlgv6HnhS7fJ5WwLBNZs-G42Pk51VChODiZLLzy1gLYkJw8notCwMNSjr7h950UDc9xc-FwwFx2HNRJq4N/s1600/automaticsprinkler.jpg" /> </div>
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Automatic fire sprinkler system </div>
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sprinkler heads ေတြကို တတ္ဆင္ေနရာခၽထားရာမွာ၊ area ေတြအလိုက္၊ section ေတြခြဲၿခားသတ္မွတ္ထားၿပီး၊ section တိုင္းအတြက္၊ alarm system ေတြကို၊ ခြဲၿခားတတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ sprinkler heads ေတြကို တတ္ဆင္ရာမွာ section တခုအတြက္ sprinkler heads အရည္အတြက္ အလံုး (၂၀၀) ထက္ပိုၿပီး၊ အသံုးမၿပဳရန္ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ sprinkler heads ေတြမွာ၊ quartzoid bulbs ေတြပါဝင္ၿပီး၊ မီးေလာင္တဲ႔အခါ၊ compartment ရဲ႕၊ အပူခၽိန္ၿမင္႔တက္လာသလို၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ limit သို႔ေရာက္ရိွသြားခၽိန္မွာ quartzoid bulb ဟာ၊ ကြဲထြက္သြားၿပီး၊ sprinkler head မွတဆင္႔ ေရကို စတင္ၿဖန္းပက္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVT9cW7IbGC6mm8Ayhzd6wk3EGL2VyPJnbKtCf5tfM1UTByyWNI70thplyA3B5JuX7rvva8pRh3Xt3tSti15DN-gXyDd0d8b6ZFBPK20e5Mr4JzHR4qeQtwNSdWvaiwoRPSLQJDNs9Yjeq/s1600/New+Picture+(1).bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVT9cW7IbGC6mm8Ayhzd6wk3EGL2VyPJnbKtCf5tfM1UTByyWNI70thplyA3B5JuX7rvva8pRh3Xt3tSti15DN-gXyDd0d8b6ZFBPK20e5Mr4JzHR4qeQtwNSdWvaiwoRPSLQJDNs9Yjeq/s400/New+Picture+(1).bmp" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Sprinkler head </div>
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quartzoid bulbs ေတြရဲ႕၊ temperature limit ကို၊ colour code ၿဖင္႔ခြဲၿခားသတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ အနီေရာင္ bulb ရဲ႕ temperature limit ဟာ၊ 68 deg C, အဝါရာင္ bulb ရဲ႕ temperature limit ဟာ၊ 80 deg C နဲ႔ အစိမ္းေရာင္ bulb ရဲ႕ temperature limit ဟာ၊ 93 deg C ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ SOLAS Regulation အရ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ sprinkler head တလံုးၿခင္းဟာ၊ ၁၆ စတုရန္းမီတာ ဧရိယာပမာဏကို၊ တမိနစ္မွာ ေရပမာဏ ၅ လီတာနံွဳးနဲ႔ ၿဖန္းပက္နိဳင္ရန္ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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sprinkler head ကို၊ semicircular ပံုသဏ႖န္ရိွတဲ႔၊ quartzoid bulb မွဖံုးအုပ္ထားပါတယ္။ bulb ထဲမွာ၊ expandable liquid တမၽိဳးကို ထည္႔သြင္းထားၿပီး၊ deflector plate ၿဖင္႔တြဲဆက္ကာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ sprinkler head ေတြမွာ၊ corrosion မၿဖစ္ေပါါေစရန္ fresh water ကိုသာ အသံုးၿပဳသင္႔ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ pipeline ထဲက၊ pressure ကၽဆင္းသြားခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ pressure ကၽဆင္းသြားတဲ႔ section အတြက္ alarm အေနနဲ႔၊ အသိေပးေဖာ္ၿပမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ pressure tank ထဲမွာ ေရကုန္သြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ sea water pump မွတဆင္႔ ၿဖည္႔သြင္းရန္၊ sea water pump ကိုလည္း၊ ထည္႔သြင္း တတ္ဆင္ထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Reference and image credit to :</b></i></span> http://www.engarena.com/, <a href="http://soniachou.en.ecplaza.net/" target="_blank">http://soniachou.en.ecplaza.net</a>., General Engineering Knowledge by H.D McGeorge, SOLAS Regulations., The Design and Layout of Fire Sprinkler Systems By Bromann, M, Oxfordshire: CRC Publications, 2nd edition, 2001,<br />
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Remark :</span></i></b> All publications and images
herein this website are for use of educational purpose only. The owner
of this web site is not responsible for the consequences in case of
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-87610194801142045752013-06-23T04:04:00.001-07:002013-06-23T04:04:58.711-07:00"Fire Classes"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ စက္ခန္း engine room ကို fire prone area ဆိုတဲ႔ အခၽိန္မေရြး မီးေလာင္နိဳင္တဲ႔ ေနရာအၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ စက္ပစၥည္းအမၽိဳးအစား အရည္အတြက္ (၁၃၀) ခန္႔တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔၊ စက္ခန္း engine room ထဲမွာ စက္ေတြရဲ႕ ဆီစားနံွဴး fuel consumption ကလည္း၊ တေန႔ကို တန္ (၄၀) ေလာက္ရိွသလို၊ စက္ေမာင္းဆီေတြနဲ႔ ေခၽာဆီေတြကို၊ သိုေလွာင္ထားတဲ႔ fuel oil storage tank, fuel oil service tank, diesel oil storage tank, diesel oil service tank, lubricating storage tank, lubricating oil service tank အစရိွတဲ႔ေလွာင္ကန္ေတြနဲ႔ greases ေတြ၊ chemicals ေတြလည္း ရိွေနပါေသးတယ္။<br />
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HFO လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ heavy fuel oil မီးထိုးဆီေတြကို၊ စက္ေမာင္းဆီအၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳရာမွာ၊ temperature 120 ~ 150 degrees Celsius ခန္႔၊ အပူေပးထားရတဲ႔အၿပင္၊ fuel injection အတြက္ high pressure pipes ေတြအတြင္း၊ ၿဖတ္သန္းစီးဆင္းေနတဲ႔ စက္ေမာင္းဆီရဲ႕ pressure ကလည္း 1200 bar ခန္႔ရိွပါတယ္။ 'အပူရိွန္' ရိွေနတဲ႔ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ စက္ခန္း engine room မွာ၊ boiler နဲ႔ အမိွဳက္သရိုက္ garbage ေတြကို မီးရိွဳ႕ေပးမယ္႔ incinerator လည္းရိွေနပါေသးတယ္။<br />
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'ေလာင္စာ' ဆိုတဲ႔ combustible substance, 'မီးစ' ဆိုတဲ႔ ignition နဲ႔ 'ေလ' ဆိုတဲ႔ supply of air တို႔ ေပါင္းစပ္မွဳေႀကာင္႔ 'မီးေလာင္မွဳ' ၿဖစ္ပြားရပါတယ္။ ေလာင္စာဆိုတဲ႔ combustible substance, မီးစဆိုတဲ႔ ignition နဲ႔ ေလဆိုတဲ႔ supply of air တို႔ဟာ၊ မီးေလာင္မွဳ ၿဖစ္ပြားေစနိဳင္မယ္႔ အဓိက အရင္းအၿမစ္ေတြ၊ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဓိကအရင္းအၿမစ္ (၃) ခု ထဲမွ၊ တခုခုကို ဖယ္ထုတ္ၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းအား၊ တားဆီးနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
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စက္ခန္းမွာ မီးေလာင္လြယ္တဲ႔ 'အမိွဳက္' အစအနေတြနဲ႔ 'ဆီ' အစအနေတြ မရိွေစပဲဲ good house keeping အေနနဲ႔ စက္ခန္းကို သတ္ရပ္သန္႔ရွင္းစြာ၊ ရိွေနေစၿခင္းဟာ၊ မီးေလာင္မွဳ ၿဖစ္ပြားေစနိဳင္မယ္႔ အဓိကအရင္းအၿမစ္ (၃) ခုထဲမွ၊ 'ေလာင္စာ' ဆိုတဲ႔ combustible substance အား၊ ဖယ္ထုတ္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။'မီးစ' သို႔မဟုတ္ 'မီးပြား' ေတြ၊ စတင္ၿဖစ္ေပါါရာ source of ignition ကေတာ႔၊ material failure ဒါမွမဟုတ္ insulation failure တို႔ေႀကာင္႔ 'မီးစ' သို႔မဟုတ္ 'မီးပြား' ေတြ၊ စတင္ၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ source of ignition အၿဖစ္သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္သလို၊ human error ကိုလည္း 'မီးပြား' ေတြ၊ စတင္ၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္တဲ႔ source of ignition အၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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electric arc welding နဲ႔ gas-cutting အလုပ္ေတြကိုလည္း၊ source of ignition အၿဖစ္သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ hot work ေတြေဆာင္ရြက္ရာမွာ၊ hot work permit check list မွ procedure အတိုင္း လိုက္နာေဆာင္ရြက္သင္႔ပါတယ္။ exhaust manifold ေတြနဲ႔ heated fuel piping ေတြမွ lagging ေတြေပါက္ၿပဲ၊ ကြာကၽေနတဲ႔ေနရာေတြကို၊ hot spot ေနရာေတြအၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ၿပီး၊ hot spot ေနရာေတြအေပါါ၊ high pressure pipelines မွ fuel ေတြ၊ spilling ၿဖစ္ကာ လြင္႔စင္ကၽခဲ႔လၽွင္လည္း၊ မီးေလာင္တတ္တဲ႔အတြက္ source of ignition အၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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မူလကတည္းက စက္ခန္းမွာရိွေနတဲ႔ oil vapors ေတြနဲ႔ gas မီးၿခစ္လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ butane lighters သို႔မဟုတ္ ေဆးလိပ္မီးပြားတို႔၊ ထိေတြ႔ရာမွ မီးေလာင္တတ္တဲ႔အတြက္ source of ignition အၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ maintenance ပိုင္းမွာ၊ ေပါ႔ေလၽွာ႔ခဲ႔ၿခင္းနဲ႔ material failure တို႔ေႀကာင္႔၊ main engine မွာ၊ source of ignition ဆိုတဲ႔၊ hot spot ေနရာတခု ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ main engine ရဲ႕ hot spot မွတဆင္႔ crank case explosion နဲ႔ scavenge fire တို႔ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတတ္ၿပီး၊ စက္ခန္းမွာ မီးေလာင္ တတ္တဲ႔အတြက္ ill-maintained နဲ႔ baldly maintained machinery ေတြကို source of ignition အၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
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supply of air ကိုေတာ႔၊ မီးေလာင္တဲ႔အခါမွသာ မီးမကူးေစရန္၊ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ မီးေလာင္ကၽြမ္းမွဳကိုေလၽွာ႔ခၽရန္ ထိမ္းခၽဳပ္ႀကပါတယ္။ မီးေလာင္တဲ႔အခါ စက္ခန္း engine room ကို အလံုပိတ္ကာ၊ blower fan ေတြရပ္ၿပီး၊ ကိုယ္တိုင္ မီးမေလာင္ေပမယ္႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကို အားေပးမယ္႔ ေအာက္စီဂၽင္ကိုေလၽွာ႔ခၽၿခင္းဟာ၊ supply of air အား ဖယ္ထုတ္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;">'Fire Classes' -</span></b> မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းေတြကို၊ အမၽိဳးအစားေတြ ခြဲၿခား သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ wood, paper, cloths ေတြကဲ႔သို႔၊ common combustible material ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကို၊ 'Class A' fire အၿဖစ္၊ အမၽိဳးအစားသတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ flammable liquids ေတြကဲ႔သို႔၊ combustible material ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကို 'Class B' fire အၿဖစ္၊ အမၽိဳးအစားသတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ နဲ႔ flammable gas ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကို၊ 'Class C' fire အၿဖစ္၊ အမၽိဳးအစားသတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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reactive chemicals ေတြနဲ႔ active metals ေတြေႀကာင္႔၊ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကိုေတာ႔ 'Class D' fire အၿဖစ္၊ အမၽိဳးအစားသတ္မွတ္ကာ၊ လၽွပ္စစ္နဲ႔ပက္သက္တဲ႔ live electrical equipment ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကို 'Class E' fire အၿဖစ္၊ အမၽိဳးအစားသတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ သေဘ္ာေပါါမွာ အစားအစာခၽက္ၿပဳတ္ရာမွ၊ vegetable oils, animal oil ေတြနဲ႔ fats ေတြကဲ႔သို႔၊ cooking media ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကိုေတာ႔ 'Class K' fire အၿဖစ္၊ အမၽိဳးအစားသတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းေတြကို အမၽိဳးအစားခြဲၿခားသတ္မွတ္လိုက္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ၿခင္း fire fighting အား၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာမွာ၊ ပိုမိုလြယ္ကူသြားပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ မီးေလာင္တဲ႔အခါ၊ fire extinguisher ဆိုတဲ႔ မီးသတ္ေဆးဘူးေတြသံုးကာ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ၿခင္းနဲ႔ fire main ဆိုတဲ႔ ေရအလံုးအရင္းသံုးကာ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ၿခင္း နည္းလမ္းေတြၿဖင္႔ fire fighting ကို၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႀကပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Fire extinguisher agents' -</b></span> Class A fire ကဲ႔သို႔ combustible material ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔၊ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကို ေရ၊ foam spray, ABC powder နဲ႔ wet chemical အစရိွတဲ႔ fire extinguisher agents ေတြ အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ABC powder ဟာ mono-ammonium phosphate မွတဆင္႔ ထုတ္ယူထားတဲ႔၊ အဝါေရာင္ dry powder ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ mono-ammonium phosphate dry powder ဟာ၊ Class A fire အမၽိဳးအစား မီးေလာင္မွဳေတြသာမက၊ Class B fire အမၽိဳးအစားၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ flammable liquids ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔၊ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းနဲ႔ Class C fire အမၽိဳးအစားၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ flammable gas ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔၊ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကိုပါ၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္နိဳင္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ မွတ္သားရလြယ္ကူေစရန္ "ABC powder" ရယ္လို႔ ေခါါဆို အမည္ေပးႀကပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
Class B fire ကဲ႔သို႔ flammable liquids ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔၊ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကိုလည္း၊ foam နဲ႔ ABC powder အစရိွတဲ႔ fire extinguisher agents ေတြအသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ foam အား၊ tri-methyltrimethylene glycol နဲ႔ hexylene glycol ကဲ႔သို႔ organic solvents ေတြကို အေၿခခံကာ၊ 'အၿမွဳတ္' ရရိွေစရန္ amphiphilic organic compound မွ surfactants ၿဖင္႔ ေရာစပ္ထုတ္ယူထားပါတယ္။ foam ကို၊ class A foam နဲ႔ class B foam ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္ Class A foam ကို၊ wildfires ကဲ႔သို႔ ေတာမီးေလာင္ၿခင္းအား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္္ အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ Class B foam ကိုေတာ႔၊ flammable liquids ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔၊ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းအား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္္ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
Class B foam agent ကို synthetic foams နဲ႔ protein foams ဆိုၿပီး သတ္မွတ္ထားပါေသးတယ္။ synthetic surfactants အေၿခခံ၊ synthetic foams ေတြဟာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ flow ေကာင္းၿပီး၊ flames knockdown အေနနဲ႔ မီးညြွန္႕ကၽိဳးလြယ္ေပမယ္႔၊ မီးေလာင္ၿပီးအေၿခအေန post-fire security အတြက္ေတာ႔ စိတ္မခၽရတာ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ synthetic foams ေတြကို၊ aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) နဲ႔ alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming foams (AR-AFFF) ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားထားပါေသးတယ္။ sodium alkyl sulfate နဲ႔ fluorosurfactant ကဲ႔သို႔၊ hydrocarbon-based surfactant ေတြနဲ႔ ေရ တို႔ကို၊ ေပါင္းစပ္ထားတဲ႔ foams ဟာ၊ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာအသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ aqueous film forming foams ဆိုတဲ႔ AFFF ေတြ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
protein foams agent ကေတာ႔ natural proteins ေတြကို၊ foaming agents အၿဖစ္အေၿခခံကာ၊ ထုတ္ယူထားတဲ႔၊ bio-degradable foam ေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ flow သိပ္မေကာင္းေပမယ္႔၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ foam blanket တခုသဖြယ္ေပါါေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ 'spontaneous combustion' ကဲ႔သို႔၊ တေငြ႔ေငြ႔အထြင္းမွာ လိွဳက္ေလာင္ေနတတ္တဲ႔၊ မီးေလာင္မွဳမၽိဳးၿငိမ္းသတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ မီးေလာင္ၿပီးအေၿခအေန post-fire security အတြက္စိတ္ခၽရတဲ႔ foams အမၽိဳးအစားၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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regular protein foam ဆိုတဲ႔ (P), fluoroprotein foam ဆိုတဲ႔ (FP), film forming fluoroprotein ဆိုတဲ႔ (FFFP), alcohol resistant fluoroprotein foam ဆိုတဲ႔ (AR-FP) နဲ႔ alcohol-resistant film forming fluoroprotein ဆိုတဲ႔ (AR-FFFP) တို႔ဟာ protein foam ေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ natural proteins ဆိုေပမယ္႔၊ biological contaminants ေတြေႀကာင္႔၊ amyloid ကဲ႔သို႔၊ ဗဟိုအာရံုေႀကာစနစ္ေတြ ထိခိုက္ေစတတ္တဲ႔ ေရာဂါေတြ မၿဖစ္ပြားေစရန္၊ non-animal sources ေတြမွတဆင္႔ ထုတ္ယူထားတဲ႔ proteins ေတြကို၊ ေရာစပ္ထားၿခင္း ရိွ၊ မရိွ စစ္ေဆးၿပီးမွသာ အသံုးၿပဳသင္႔ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
Class C fire ကဲ႔သို႔ flammable gas ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔၊ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကိုေတာ႔၊ ABC powder fire extinguisher agents တမၽိဳးတည္းသာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး ၿငီမ္းသတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
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reactive chemicals ေတြနဲ႔ active metals ေတြေႀကာင္႔၊ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကိုေတာ႔ 'Class D' fire အၿဖစ္၊ အမၽိဳးအစားသတ္မွတ္ၿပီး၊ metal fire လို႔လည္း ေခါါပါတယ္။ metal fire ဟာ magnesium, sodium, potassium နဲ႔ sodium-potassium alloys သတၱဳစပ္ေတြမွာ အပူရိွန္လြန္ကဲမွဳ hot spot ေတြေပါါေပါက္ရာမွ၊ reactive chemicals ေတြနဲ႔ ေပါင္းစပ္ၿပီး၊ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
class D fire extinguisher agents ေတြကို၊ sodium chloride based, copper based, graphite based, sodium carbonate based နဲ႔ water based suppressants ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ 'Class D' fire အား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ class D fire extinguisher agents ေတြကို၊ မီးေလာင္မွဳၿဖစ္ေပါါတဲ႔ သတၳဳနဲ႔ သတၱဳစပ္အမၽိဳးအစားေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ မွန္ကန္စြာ ေရြးခၽယ္အသံုးၿပဳရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig. </b></i></span> Sodium chloride based dry power class D fire extinguisher</div>
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sodium chloride based class D fire extinguisher agents မွာပါဝင္တဲ႔ sodium chloride salt ဟာ၊ မီးေလာင္ေနတဲ႔ metal အေပါါမွာ oxygen-excluding crust အေနနဲ႔ အရည္ေပၽာ္ကာ၊ အလြွာတခုအၿဖစ္၊ ဖံုးအုပ္သြားၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ မီးေလာင္မွဳအား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ပါတယ္။ alkali metal ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ sodium နဲ႔ potassium တို႔အၿပင္၊ အၿခား metal ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ magnesium, titanium, aluminum နဲ႔ zirconium သတၱဳေတြမွာ၊ ေပါါေပါက္တဲ႔ မီးေလာင္မွဳအား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
copper based class D fire extinguisher agents ကိုေတာ႔ lithium နဲ႔ lithium-alloy သတၱဳစပ္ေတြမွာ၊ ၿဖစ္ပြားတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းအား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ copper based class D fire extinguisher agents ဟာ powder smothers အမွဳန္႔ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ မီးေလာင္ေနတဲ႔ metal အေပါါမွာ heat sink ဆိုတဲ႔ အလြွာတခုအေနနဲ႔ ဖံုးအုပ္ကာ၊ အပူရိွန္ကို ေလၽွာ႔ခၽပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ copper-lithium alloy surface အၿဖစ္ေၿပာင္းလဲသြားရာမွတဆင္႔ oxygen supply ကို၊ ၿဖတ္ေတာက္ကာ မီးေလာင္မွဳအား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ပါတယ္။ powder smothers အမွဳန္႔ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္ extinguish flowing မွာပိတ္ဆို႔တတ္ၿပီး၊ မီးသတ္ေဆးဘူး extinguisher ကို ေဒါင္လိုက္အေနအထားၿဖင္႔ ထားရိွကာ၊ ေဒါင္လိုက္ vertical surface မၽက္နွာၿပင္၊ မီးေလာင္မွဳေတြအတြက္သာ အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ <br />
<br />
graphite-based class D fire extinguisher agents ဟာ၊ dry graphite အမွဳန္႔ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ magnesium နဲ႔ lithium သတၱဳေတြမွာ၊ ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔အပူခၽိန္ေတြၿဖင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားတဲ႔ hot burning metal မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းအား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ မီးေလာင္ေနတဲ႔ metal အေပါါမွာ heat sink ဆိုတဲ႔ အလြွာတခုအေနနဲ႔ ဖံုးအုပ္ကာ၊ အပူရိွန္ကို ေလၽွာ႔ခၽၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ dry graphite အမွဳန္႔ဟာ powder smothers အမွဳန္႔ကဲ႔သို႔ extinguish flowing မွာပိတ္ဆို႔တတ္ၿခင္း မရိွသလို၊ မီးသတ္ေဆးဘူး extinguisher အား၊ မည္သည္႔အေနအထားၿဖင္႔မဆို ထားရိွကာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
sodium carbonate-based class D fire extinguisher agents ကို stainless steel piping နဲ႔ stainless steel equipments သတၱဳစပ္ေတြမွာ၊ ၿဖစ္ပြားတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းအား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္အတြက္သာ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ water based suppressants class D fire extinguisher agents ေတြကိုေတာ႔ titanium နဲ႔ magnesium သတၱဳေတြမွာ၊ ၿဖစ္ပြားတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းအား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္အတြက္ အသံုးၿပဳသလို၊ elemental lithium သတၱဳမွာၿဖစ္ေပါါတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းအား၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ water based suppressants ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ extinguisher agents အတြင္း ပါဝင္ေနတဲ႔ ေရေႀကာင္႔ ၿပင္းထန္တဲ႔ ေပါက္ကြဲမွဳ ေပါါေပါက္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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Class E fire ကဲ႔သို႔ လၽွပ္စစ္နဲ႔ပက္သက္တဲ႔ live electrical equipment ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္းကို၊ ABC powder နဲ႔ ကာဘြန္ဒိုင္ေအာက္ဆိုဒ္<span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> CO<sub>2<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></sub></span>ေတြ အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ အစားအစာခၽက္ၿပဳတ္ရာမွ၊ vegetable oils, animal oil ေတြနဲ႔ fats ေတြကဲ႔သို႔၊ cooking media ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ပြားရတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ၿခင္း 'Class K' fire ကိုေတာ႔ wet chemical extinguisher agents ကိုအသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ ၿငိမ္းသတ္ပါတယ္။ 'Class K' fire အတြက္အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ wet chemical ဟာ၊ foams အမၽိဳးအစားၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ potassium acetate, potassium carbonate ဒါမွမဟုတ္ potassium citrate ကို အေၿခခံကာ၊ ေရနဲ႔ေပါင္းစပ္ထားတဲ႔ extinguisher agents ၿဖစ္ကာ၊ antifreeze chemicals ေတြကိုလည္း ေရာစပ္ထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ <br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>"Fire main" -</b></span> ေရ အလံုးအရင္းသံုးကာ မီးၿငိမ္းသတ္ရန္၊ သေဘ္ာတစီးလံုးမွာ fire pipeline ေတြသြယ္ထားၿပီး၊ fire hydrant ေတြမွတဆင္႔၊ ေရကို ရယူရပါတယ္။ fire hydrants ေတြကလည္း အမၽိဳးအစားအစံုရိွသလို၊ fire hose nozzles ေတြကလည္း၊ အမၽိဳး အစားစံုလင္ပါတယ္။ အလားတူပဲ fire hydrants ေတြနဲ႔ hose ကိုဆက္ေပးတဲ႔ hose couplings ေတြကလည္း အမၽိဳးအစားအစံုရိွပါတယ္။ <br />
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<img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZBplWyWmmqLM5EJrkTmJzc8FsskdPSJJiBLkBl8-s-LwaVFkV9U5Uat-8e7OaFPvyCoTWdjEh8JGerECn6otN0nla0VhDg5JiL-1DoMmni8tUNW0kvHKKyYvHRMN-Y__kQOQHIaoPJ6f8/s640/sellfirehosecouplingnoz.jpg" width="444" /><br />
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> fire hose couplings and hose nozzles<br />
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သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွတဲ႔ hose nozzle အမၽိဳးအစား type ေတြကေတာ႔ Machino type, Nikajima type, ANSI type, NOR type, John Morris type, NF type နဲ႔ Screw coupling type တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ coupling ေတြအၿဖစ္ Nakajama, Machino, John Morris, Nor, ANSI pin, ANSI slotter, French နဲ႔ Storz အမၽိဳးအစား တို႔ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz4AqAyj79M0kJZ2rLvBPnJhxTyPtMXn1eGmgG638pXe_y5WQjn4eCOCxbXV95BJA3vaBw3Flsmy-j0moxTvJA0VGBH5pc1gSImt1mc0I5IbELawkG5iePDjmQDV3xN5nAZ4ZvrDQ1l366/s1600/New+Picture+(2).bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz4AqAyj79M0kJZ2rLvBPnJhxTyPtMXn1eGmgG638pXe_y5WQjn4eCOCxbXV95BJA3vaBw3Flsmy-j0moxTvJA0VGBH5pc1gSImt1mc0I5IbELawkG5iePDjmQDV3xN5nAZ4ZvrDQ1l366/s400/New+Picture+(2).bmp" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><i>Fig.</i></span> (A)</b> Inner outer synthetic rubber lined fire hose, <b>(B)</b> Rubber lined tetoron fire hose and <b>(C)</b> Fire hydrant and fire hose box </div>
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hose အေနနဲ႔ rubber lined tetoron အမၽိဳးအစားနဲ႔ inner outer synthetic rubber lined အမၽိဳးအစား hose ေတြကိုအသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ DWT တန္ခၽိန္ (၁၀၀၀) နဲ႔ အထက္သေဘ္ာေတြရဲ႕၊ မီတာ (၃၀) ဧရိယာတိုင္းမွာ၊ fire hydrant တခု တတ္ဆင္ထားရိွရန္သတ္မွတ္ထားသလို၊ fire hydrant ရဲ႕ အနီးမွာ၊ မီတာ (၂၀) အရွည္ရိွတဲ႔ fire hose အား၊ coupling, nozzle တို႔နဲ႔အတူအသင္႔သံုးနိဳင္ရန္၊ ဆင္ထားၿပီး၊ hose box ထဲမွာ သိမ္းဆည္း ထားရမယ္လို႔ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ စုစုေပါင္း အသံုးၿပဳမယ္႔ fire hose set အစံုအရည္အတြက္ထက္ အပို (၁) စံုကို၊ spare hose set အၿဖစ္ သိမ္းဆည္းထားရန္၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါေသးတယ္။ </div>
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fire line piping မွာ၊ hydrant valve ေတြအၿပင္၊ isolating valve ေတြကိုပါ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ fire fighting အၿဖစ္ မီးၿငိမ္းရန္ လိုအပ္တဲ႔ ေရကို၊ စက္ခန္းမွ Fire & G.S pump ၿဖင္႔ေပးပို႔ပါတယ္။ တကယ္၍ အေႀကာင္းတစံုတခုေႀကာင္႔ Fire & G.S pump ကို၊ အသံုးမၿပဳနိဳင္ခဲ႔လၽွင္ Bilge & Ballast pump ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး ေပးပို႔နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ Emergency fire pump ကိုလည္း တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-50932512766209760902013-06-19T01:26:00.000-07:002013-06-19T01:26:03.113-07:00"Fire detecting system sensors"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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fire detection system ေတြမွာ အသံုးၿပဳတတ္ဆင္ေလ့ရိွတဲ႔၊ fire alarm sensors
ေတြကို၊ အမၽိဳးအစားခြဲၿခားႀကည္႔လၽွင္၊ smoke detector အုပ္စုမွာ photoelectric
type sensor, ionization type sensor နဲ႔ combination type sensor သို႔မဟုတ္
combo detector, heat detectors အုပ္စုမွာ fixed or rate compensated
sensor န႔ဲ rate of rise sensor, optical flame detectors အုပ္စုမွာ
ultraviolet (UV) sensitive sensor န႔ဲ infrared (IR) sensitive sensor
ေတြကို၊ ေတြ႔ရမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ acoustic fire detector ဆိုတာကိုလည္း ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။<br />
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သေဘ္ာမွ 'Fire detection system' ရဲ႕ master control panel ကို၊ bridge ဆိုတဲ႔ wheel house မွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားေလ့ရိွၿပီး၊ auxiliary panels ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ repeater panels ေတြကိုေတာ႔၊ engine control room နဲ႔ fire control station တို႔မွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာမွာအသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ fire detector sensors ေတြကို ခြဲၿခားႀကည္႔တဲ႔အခါ၊ smoke detector sensor, heat detector sensor န႔ဲ infrared flames detector sensor ေတြဆိုၿပီး၊ ေတြ႔နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxTsb455781Md2c_tRsYPAmoSf5JZrEzairPx9SQVvW4nwjvfl0f3_C6uoDcaYONhRS5CtmCPDKANzmkIaDa3tqS1crRPCd0o-d1P9Ee_XxAfbGPjS0hnOAaNFBw3e4rq9Hy8hAmiJHf1n/s400/conveyingsystems250x250.jpg" width="400" /> </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Fire detecting system</div>
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smoke detectors sensors ေတြကို၊ engine control room နဲ႔ engine room ရဲ႕ေနရာအနံွ႔အၿပားမွာ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳႀကေပမယ္႔၊ work shop, boiler, incinerator နဲ႔ fuel handling units ေတြ အနီးအနားမွာေတာ႔၊ တတ္ဆင္ေလ့ မရိွတာ၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ work shop ကဲ႔သို႔ hot work area ေနရာမၽိဳးမွာ welding works ေတြကို၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႀကတဲ႔အတြက္၊ smoke နဲ႔ neck flame ေတြ အၿမဲေပါါေပါက္ေနတတ္ၿပီး၊ smoke detector sensor နဲ႔ flame detector sensor တို႔ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳရန္၊ မၿဖစ္နိဳင္ၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ heat detector sensor ေတြကိုသာ တတ္ဆင္ႀကပါတယ္။ fuel handling unit ေတြၿဖစ္ႀကတဲ႔၊ purifier, oil heater အစရိွတဲ႔ ေနရာေတြ အနီးအနားမွာေတာ႔ flame detector sensor ေတြကို၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။</div>
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boiler နဲ႔ incinerator ေတြဟာ၊ abnormal condition အေၿခအေနေတြမွာ၊ neck flame ေတြေပါါေပါက္တတ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ infrared flame sensor ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ionization type smoke detector sensor ေတြကိုသာ၊ boiler နဲ႔ incinerator ေတြအနီးအနားမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Smoke detectors' -</b></span> ေတြကို၊ Photoelectric smoke detector sensor နဲ႔ Ionization smoke detector sensor ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္သလို၊ Photo electric smoke detector sensor ေတြကို၊ Light scattering smoke detector sensor နဲ႔ Light obscuring smoke detector sensor ေတြရယ္လို႔၊ ထပ္မံခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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photoelectric smoke detector sensor ရဲ႕ အလုပ္လုပ္ပံုဟာ၊ ရိုးရွင္းသလို၊ low sensitivity detector ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ false alarm ေတြေပါါေပါက္ရန္ မလြယ္ကူတာကိုလည္း၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ chamber မွာ မူလပို႔လြွတ္ထားတဲ႔၊ အလင္းေရာင္ေပၽာက္ကြယ္သြားၿခင္းအား၊ photo cell မွ ေစာင္႔ႀကည္႔ေနၿပီး၊ smoke ပမာဏ၊ မၽားလာမွသာ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ thick smoke အေၿခအေနၿဖစ္ေပါါလာမွသာ၊ detector စတင္အလုပ္လုပ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlUHosVTjoi7umYVg41TmYeBnsF2P6fyH8WYXIG_0Z1e1Azs_9e1RnxCjoNQheV-iIW5XrkxhW3d2gRA8cmFNwVjyUgXptVFrVdpn7YZ6oUKT7IjfktrE4bi56f0Mlbg237DsADIiht-pE/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlUHosVTjoi7umYVg41TmYeBnsF2P6fyH8WYXIG_0Z1e1Azs_9e1RnxCjoNQheV-iIW5XrkxhW3d2gRA8cmFNwVjyUgXptVFrVdpn7YZ6oUKT7IjfktrE4bi56f0Mlbg237DsADIiht-pE/s320/images.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Photo electric smoke detector<br />
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low energy fire ၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္တဲ႔ေနရာေတြမွာသာ photo electric smoke detectors ေတြတတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳသင္႔ပါတယ္။ low energy fire ဆိုတာကေတာ႔၊ မီးေတာက္ flame ႀကီးႀကီးမားမား မေပါါေပါက္ပဲ၊ မီးေလာင္တဲ႔အခါ thick smoke ဆိုတဲ႔ မီးခိုးလံုးေတြသာ၊ အမၽားအၿပားထြက္ေပါါလာတတ္တဲ႔၊ မီးေလာင္မွဳမၽိဳး ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာေတာ႔ engine room မွ engine control room, accommodation မွ passage ways ေတြ၊ air cond' room, bridge နဲ႔ cargo control room အစရိွတဲ႔ေနရာေတြမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွႀကပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Light scattering smoke detector' -</span> ေတြကို၊ light sensing type smoke detector ေတြလို႔လည္း ေခါါနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ fog ဆိုတဲ႔ နွင္းၿမဴေတြ၊ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ haze ဆိုတဲ႔ မီးခိုးၿမဴေတြ၊ ရိွေနတဲ႔ ညေမွာင္ေမွာင္မွာ လက္နိွပ္ဓါတ္မီး၊ ထိုးလိုက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ အလင္းတန္း light beam ကို ထင္ထင္ရွားရွား ၿမင္ရပါတယ္။ အလားတူပဲ ေရေငြ႔ ဆိုတဲ႔ water vapour ေတြနဲ႔ steam ဆိုတဲ႔ ေရေနြးေငြ႔ေတြ ရိွေနတဲ႔ ညေမွာင္ေမွာင္မွာလည္း၊ light beam ကို ထင္ထင္ရွားရွား ၿမင္ရပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႔ ႀကည္လင္ေနတဲ႔ ညအေမွာင္မွာေတာ႔ light beam အား၊ မၿမင္နိဳင္တာကို၊ သတိထားမိႀကပါလိမ္႔မယ္။<br />
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light sensing type detector ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ sensor ရဲ႕ chamber အတြင္းသို႔ မီးခိုးေတြဝင္ေရာက္လာတဲ႔အခါ၊ scattering အၿဖစ္ၿပန္႔ကၽဲေနတဲ႔၊ smoke particle ေတြေႀကာင္႔ light beam မွာေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳေတြေပါါေပါက္လာရပါတယ္။ အဲဒီအခါ light beam ကိုေစာင္႔ႀကည္႔ေနတဲ႔ photo cell ဟာ၊ activated ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿပီး၊ trigger circuit အား၊ အလုပ္လုပ္ေစပါတယ္။ Light sensing photoelectric smoke detectors ေတြဟာ၊ scatter light မွ၊ အလြန္ေသးငယ္တဲ႔၊ small airborne particles ေတြအေပါါ မူတည္ၿပီး အလုပ္လုပ္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ light scattering ဟာ absorption, reflection, refraction, polarization နဲ႔ diffraction ေတြအေပါါ မူတည္ၿပီး၊ ေၿပာင္းလဲတတ္တဲ႔ electromagnetic radiation နဲ႔လည္း အၿပန္အလွန္၊ သက္ေရာက္မွဳရိွပါတယ္။ <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgrN5BI3sbH9-PQAJmvl0FaiIuLdC7RE7gMufehVTn43KVN0NC5H95hfaPa9tdcMKZwv7MEu8aDjbmVZJPg1Dt1N8H-x8rbA9Sxrh8vty2aU_fETWUXnnFeEYyYdYEWOohN3X20bE0lkJs/s1600/smokeDetector01.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgrN5BI3sbH9-PQAJmvl0FaiIuLdC7RE7gMufehVTn43KVN0NC5H95hfaPa9tdcMKZwv7MEu8aDjbmVZJPg1Dt1N8H-x8rbA9Sxrh8vty2aU_fETWUXnnFeEYyYdYEWOohN3X20bE0lkJs/s400/smokeDetector01.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Light scattering type photoelectric smoke detector<br />
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chamber အတြင္းသို႔ မီးခိုးေတြဝင္မလာစဥ္၊ အေၿခအေနမွာ light source မွ ထုတ္ေပးေနတဲ႔အလင္းေရာင္ကို၊ photo-electric sensor သို႔မဟုတ္ photo cell မွ၊ detect မလုပ္ပဲထားရိွပါတယ္။ smoke particles ေတြဝင္ေရာက္လာတဲ႔အခါ၊ light scattering ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ photo cell ဟာစတင္ detect လုပ္ပါတယ္။ particles ေတြ ပိုမၽားလာတဲ႔အခါမွာေတာ႔၊ concentration ၿမင္႔တက္လာတဲ႔ scattering အား လက္ခံရယူၿပီး၊ trigger circuit မွာ၊ activate ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ light beam ရဲ႕ wavelength, light intensity နဲ႔ scattering angle တို႔ကို ထည္႔သြင္းစဥ္းစားရန္ လိုအပ္သလို၊ smoke particles ေတြရဲ႕ refractive index, shape, reflectance နဲ႔ concentration တို႔ဟာလည္း၊ ထည္႔သြင္းစဥ္းစားရမယ္႔ အခၽက္ေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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light scattering ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳကို အမၽိဳးအစားထပ္ခြဲလၽွင္၊ 'Rayleigh type' နဲ႔ 'Mie type' ဆိုၿပီး၊ ေတြ႔နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ particle size ဟာ၊ lighting source မွ ထုတ္ေပးတဲ႔၊ wavelength ထက္ေသးငယ္တဲ႔ light scattering ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳကို၊ 'Rayleigh type scattering' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ အၿပာေရာင္ light beam ဟာ၊ အနီေရာင္ light beam ထက္ light scattering ၿဖစ္ေပါါရန္ ပိုမိုလြယ္ကူပါတယ္။<br />
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Light scattering type photo-electric smoke detector ေတြမွာ၊ မီးခိုးေႀကာင္႔ scattering ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳေသၿခာေစရန္၊ အနီေရာင္ light beam ကိုသာ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ Mie type scattering ဟာ၊ particles ေတြရဲ႕ ထူထပ္သိပ္သည္းမွဳ thickness အေပါါ၊ မူတည္ၿပီး ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔အတြက္၊ Photoelectric smoke detector ေတြဟာ၊ Mie type scattering ကိုသာ၊ detect လုပ္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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photoelectric smoke detectors ေတြမွာ၊ near-infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (LED) ေတြကို၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ Silicon photo-diodes ေတြဟာ၊ 880 nm မွ၊ 940 nm wavelength range အတြင္း ထုတ္ေပးနိဳင္တဲ႔၊ near-infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (LED) ေတြ LED ေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ photoelectric smoke detectors ေတြမွာ၊ light sources ေတြအၿဖစ္၊ laser rays ေတြကိုလည္း၊ အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါေသးတယ္။<br />
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Pinnacle laser detectors ေတြဟာ၊ laser rays ကိုအသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ photoelectric smoke detectors ေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ LED type smoke detectors ေတြထက္ စာလၽွင္၊ Laser smoke detector ေတြဟာ၊ higher sensitivity detector ေတြၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ signal noise ratio ပိုမိုနည္းပါးပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာထက္၊ semiconductor manufacturing plant လိုေနရာေတြမွာသာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွႀကပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">'Light obscuring smoke detectors' -</span> ေတြကို၊ projected beam photoelectric smoke detectors ေတြလို႔ေခါါဆိုႀကသလို၊ near-infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (LED) ေတြနဲ႔ laser rays ေတြကို၊ light sources ေတြအၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ emitter နဲ႔ detector ေတြကို၊ မီတာ (၁၀၀) အကြာအေဝး ခန္႔ၿခားကာ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာတတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳၿခင္း မရိွပဲ၊ စက္ရံုႀကီးေတြမွာသာ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။<br />
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<img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVq7rqD2fW-WCsnnKQoRv98-l-dzpwVlXP7labGVDdlS0_3yGAJIFHPOFzPkUV2UKWN9OvreaoVdXdIvYF2AJeMC7Z05ZAjufrSqnzAroE0_NfBBoc1AIXO08pmQJmutfJymtgIpff9fG9/s400/smokedetector02.gif" width="400" /> </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Light obscuring type photoelectric smoke detector</div>
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Photoelectric smoke detectors ေတြဟာ အထက္တေနရာမွာ၊ ေဖာ္ၿပခဲ႔သလို၊ smoke particles ေတြ အေၿမာက္အမၽားေပါါထြက္တတ္တဲ႔၊ slow နဲ႔ smoldering fires လို၊ low energy fire ေတြေပါါေပါက္ တတ္တဲ႔ေနရာေတြမွာသာ တတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳရန္၊ သင္႔ေလၽွာ္ပါတယ္။ Photoelectric smoke detectors ေတြရဲ႕ detector sensitivity ကို၊ 'obscuration level percentage % / Length' ဆိုတဲ႔၊ ယူနစ္ၿဖင္႔ တိုင္းတာေဖာ္ၿပေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ <br />
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United States ရဲ႕ Industry standards မွာ၊ early alert warning level ကို၊ 0.2% / Ft နဲ႔ full-blown alarm level ကို၊ 3% / Ft ဆိုၿပီး သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍အခန္းထဲမွာ၊ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ passage way သို႔မဟုတ္ ally way မွာ၊ မီးခိုးေတြနဲ႔ေမွာင္ေနေပမယ္႔ 2.5%/ft obscuration level အေနနဲ႔ 2.5 %/ Ft ခန္႕သာရိွေနတဲဲ႔႔ အေၿခအေနမွာ trigger circuit အား၊ activate ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစၿခင္း မရိွေသးတာကို ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။<br />
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သေဘ္ာေတြမွာအသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ photo electric smoke detector အမၽိဳးအစားေတြကို၊ ထပ္မံေလ့လာမယ္ဆိုလၽွင္ container သေဘ္ာေတြရဲ႕ Cargo hold smoke detecting system ေတြမွာ 'Aspirated smoke detectors' ေတြနဲ႔ Livestock carrier လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ တိရိစာၦန္တင္သေဘ္ာေတြနဲ႔ Car carrier သေဘ္ာေတြရဲ႕ HAVC Duct ေတြမွာ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ 'duct detectors' ေတြကိုလည္း တတ္ဆင္ေလ့ရိွတာကို ေတြ႔နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ေယဘုယၽအားၿဖင္႔ Aspirated smoke detectors ေတြကို၊ စတုရန္းမီတာ (၂၀၀၀) နဲ႔အထက္၊ designated fire zone ေတြမွာ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳႀကသလို၊ computer rooms, clean rooms, control rooms, operating theaters ေတြ နဲ႔ TV/ Radio studios ေတြမွာတတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ electronic racks, telephone exchanges, cable tunnels, power generators, transformer halls, broadcasting transmitters ေတြနဲ႕ switchboards ေတြအတြက္ပါ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ Duct work smoke detectors ေတြကိုေတာ႔၊ laboratories, offices, supermarkets, hospitals, institutions, libraries, museums, art galleries, studios ေတြနဲ႔ theater ေတြနဲ႔ ရထား train ေတြမွာ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">Ionization smoke detectors -</span> low energy fire သို႔မဟုတ္ ေလာင္စာ ပမာဏနည္းနည္းနဲ႔ မီခိုးမၽားမၽားထြက္ေပါါတတ္တဲ႔ မီးေလာင္မွဳမၽိဳးကို၊ detect လုပ္ရန္ Light scattering smoke detector ေတြနဲ႔ Light obscuring smoke detectors ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳႀကသလို၊ high energy fire လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ ေလာင္စာ ပမာဏမၽားၿပီး၊ မီးခိုးအနည္းငယ္သာ ထြက္ေပါါတတ္တဲ႔ မီးေလာင္မွဳမၽိဳးကိုေတာ႔ Ionization smoke detectors ေတြအသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ <br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><i>Fig.</i></span> (A) </b>Low energy fire and <b>(B)</b> High energy fire </div>
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Ionization smoke detectors ေတြမွာ radioactive material အနည္းငယ္ကို၊ သတၱဳၿပား plate (၂) ခု အႀကားမွာ၊ ထည္႔သြင္းထားပါတယ္။ plate (၂) ခုႀကား atmosphere ကို၊ radioactive material မွ၊ ionization ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစၿပီး၊ current flow တန္ဖိုးတခုအား ၿဖတ္သန္းစီးဆင္းေနေစပါတယ္။ plate (၂) ခုအႀကားသို႔ မီးခိုးပမာဏအနည္းငယ္ ဝင္ေရာက္လာတဲ႔အခါ၊ smoke particles ေတြေႀကာင္႔ မူလက ionization ၿဖစ္ေပါါေနတဲ႔၊ atmosphere ဟာ neutralized ၿဖစ္သြားၿပီး၊ ၿဖတ္သန္းစီးဆင္းေနတဲ႔ current flow တန္ဖိုးလည္း ကၽဆင္းသြားပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Ionization smoke detector</div>
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positive charge နဲ႔ negative charge plate (၂) ခုကို တခုနဲ႔တခု (၁၀) မီလီမီတာ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ (၁) စင္တီမီတာ အကြာအေဝးၿခားကာ၊ chamber အတြင္းမွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားၿပီး ionization chamber လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ dc voltage တန္ဘိုး တခုအား၊ plate (၂) ခုသို႔ေပးသြင္းထားသလို၊ ပံုမွာၿပထားတဲ႔အတိုင္း၊ radioactive material တခုၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ Alpha source မွ၊ Alpha particles ေတြကို ထုတ္ေပးေနပါတယ္။ Alpha source အၿဖစ္၊ americium-241 ကို၊ တစ္ဂရမ္ရဲ႕ အပံု (၅၀၀၀) ပံု၊ တပံု ပမာဏခန္႔သံုးထားၿပီး၊ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ alpha particles သို႔မဟုတ္ helium nuclei ကို၊ ionizing radiation source အၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳထားၿခင္း ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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alpha particles ေတြေႀကာင္႔ chamber ထဲမွ၊ oxygen နဲ႔ nitrogen atoms ေတြမွာ၊ ionization ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ positive charged ၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ oxygen atoms ေတြနဲ႔ nitrogen atoms ေတြကို၊ negative plate က ဆြဲယူပါတယ္။ ၿပိဳကြဲသြားတဲ႔ electrons ေတြကိုေတာ႔၊ positive plate ကေနဆြဲယူပါတယ္။ positive plate မွာ၊ ေသးငယ္တဲ႔ current flow တန္ဖိုးတခု ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာကာ၊ smoke particles ေတြ chamber အတြင္းသို႔ ဝင္ေရာက္လာတဲ႔အခါ၊ ions ေတြနဲ႔ ေပါင္းစပ္ၿပီး၊ neutralize ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ neutralize ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ positive plate မွ၊ current ဟာ negative plate သို႔ မကူးနိဳင္ေတာ႔ပဲ၊ potential difference ဆိုတဲ႔ voltage ပမာဏဟာလည္း ကၽဆင္းသြားပါတယ္။ ကၽဆင္းသြားတဲ႔ voltage ပမာဏ အေၿပာင္းအလဲေႀကာင္႔ trigger circuit မွာ၊ activated ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ အခု ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာေတာ႔ photoelectric sensor နဲ႔ ionization detector တြဲဖက္ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ 'Combination smoke detectors' ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳလာႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Ionization smoke detectors နဲ႔ Americium' -</span> americium (isotope Am-241) ကို၊ ခၽီကာဂိုတကၠသိုလ္မွ Glenn Seaborg ဆိုတဲ႔၊ နဴကလီးယားဓါတုေဗဒပညာရွင္ Nuclear Chemist တဦးက၊ (၁၉၄၄) ခုနွစ္မွာ ရွာေဖြေတြ႔ရိွခဲ႔ပါတယ္။ တကယ္ေတာ႔ Americium ဟာ၊ သဘာဝတြင္းထြက္ၿဒပ္စင္ သို႔မဟုတ္ သတၱဳအမၽိဳးအစား တခုမဟုတ္ပဲ၊ man made metal လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔၊ ဖန္တည္းထုတ္လုပ္မွဳမွ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ ေရဒီယိုသတၳိႀကြ radio active metal သတၱဳတမၽိဳးသာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ nuclear reactors ေတြနဲ႔ nuclear detonation ေတြမွာ၊ plutonium atoms ေတြနဲ႔ neutrons ေတြေပါင္းစပ္ရာမွတဆင္႔၊ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ ေငြမွင္ေရာင္ silver-white crystalline metal သတၱဳအခဲေလးသာ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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americium မွတဆင္႔ အၿခားေသာ radio active isotope အေတာ္မၽားမၽားကို ထုတ္ေပးနိဳင္ေပမယ္႔၊ radio active isotope AM 241 ကိုသာ၊ အသံုးမၽားပါတယ္။ AM 241 ဟာ၊ primarily emitting အေနနဲ႔၊ alpha particles ေတြသာမက၊ gamma rays ေတြကိုပါ ထုတ္လြွင္႔ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ AM 241 နဲ႔ beryllium mixture အေရာအေနွာမွတဆင္႔ neutrons ေတြကိုလည္း၊ ထုတ္လြွင္႔နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ AM 241 ရဲ႕ ေရဒီယိုသတၳိႀကြသက္တမ္း တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ half-life ဟာ၊ နွစ္ကာလ အပိုင္းအၿခားအရ (၄၃၂. ၇) နွစ္အထိ၊ ရွည္ႀကာပါတယ္။ radio active decays process မွာ၊ alpha နဲ႔ gamma rays ေတြကို ထုတ္လြွင္႔ရင္း၊ neptunium 237 အၿဖစ္၊ ဘဝေၿပာင္းသြားေပမယ္႔၊ radio active radiation ဓါတ္ေရာင္ၿခည္ေတြ ထုတ္ေနနိဳင္ဆဲၿဖစ္သလို၊ ေနာက္ဆံုး bismuth 209 ဘဝသို႔ေရာက္သြားမွသာ၊ non-radio active element အၿဖစ္၊ ေရဒီယိုသတၳိႀကြမွဳသက္တမ္း အဆံုးသတ္သြားပါတယ္။ </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghRRmsA30JVL07aj0PDpDkL3kZp2mB2Ko24lL10MhFn9VVPbKC1PHvYD3Whmd52MZAFzJB83loQ3PB92ayIGM3iR3sdVyH9UMB5HeBplpzqDAVvCFLHjf-Qw4HRHrkB4NcqtzP50WWZg2K/s1600/New+Picture+(1).bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghRRmsA30JVL07aj0PDpDkL3kZp2mB2Ko24lL10MhFn9VVPbKC1PHvYD3Whmd52MZAFzJB83loQ3PB92ayIGM3iR3sdVyH9UMB5HeBplpzqDAVvCFLHjf-Qw4HRHrkB4NcqtzP50WWZg2K/s400/New+Picture+(1).bmp" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Ionization smoke detector with AM 241</div>
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AM 241 အား၊ ionization smoke detectors ေတြထဲမွာ၊ ထည္႔သြင္းၿပီးအသံုးၿပဳရံုမက၊ gamma rays ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳရန္လိုအပ္တဲ႔၊ သုေတသနလုပ္ငန္းေတြ၊ medical diagnostic devices ေတြ၊ fluid-density gauges ေတြ၊ air craft fuel gauges ေတြ၊ distance-sensing devices ေတြနဲ႔ ၊ NDT ဆိုတဲ႔ non-destructive testing devices ေတြထဲမွာလည္း၊ ထည္႔သြင္း အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ ionization smoke detectors ေတြနဲ႔ NDT testing equipments ေတြမွ ထုတ္လြွင္႔တဲ႔ ဓါတ္ေရာင္ၿခည္ဟာ၊ ေရဒီယိုဓါတ္သတၳိႀကြမွဳ ပမာဏ အနည္းငယ္သာရိွေပမယ္႔၊ radio active material ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ သတိထားကိုင္တြယ္ရန္ လိုအပ္သလို၊ စြန္႔ၿပစ္ရာမွာလည္း စနစ္တကၽစြန္႔ၿပစ္ရန္၊ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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ionization smoke detectors ေတြရဲ႕ကိုယ္ထည္မွာ၊ radioactivity symbol နဲ႔ radioactivity amount ပမာဏအား၊ ေရးသားေဖာ္ၿပထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ ionization smoke detectors ေတြထဲမွာ၊ AM 241 ဟာ၊ americium dioxide အေနနဲ႔ ပါဝင္ေနၿပီး၊ အနည္းဆံုး အေလးခၽိန္ ပမာဏအေနနဲ႔ 0.29 micrograms ခန္႔ရိွကာ၊ အနည္းဆံုး radioactivity တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ ဓါတ္ေရာင္ၿခည္ထုတ္လြွင္႔မွဳဆိုတဲ႔၊ radiation ပမာဏအေနနဲ႔ 1 µCi ပမာဏခန္႔ရိွပါတယ္။ </div>
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radio active material နဲ႔ တိုက္ရိုက္မထိေတြ႔ေစရန္၊ လံုေလာက္တဲ႔ safety gear အကာအကြယ္ေတြမပါပဲ၊ ionization smoke detectors ေတြနဲ႔ thickness measurement equipment ကဲ႔သို႔၊ testing equipments ေတြကို၊ ဖြင္႔ႀကည္႔တာေတြ၊ ၿဖဳတ္ႀကည္႔တာေတြ မလုပ္သင္႔သလို၊ စြန္႔ၿပစ္တဲ႔ အခါမွာလည္း၊ ေရထဲသို႔ ၿပစ္ခၽလိုက္တာမၽိဳး ဒါမွမဟုတ္ သေဘ္ာေပါါမွ incinerator ေတြထဲ ထည္႔ၿပီး၊ မီးရိွဳ႕ဖၽက္စီးလိုက္တာမၽိဳးေတြကို မလုပ္သင္႔ေႀကာင္း instruction အၿဖစ္ ညြွန္ႀကားထားေလ့ ရိွပါတယ္။ spare Ionization smoke detectors ေတြကို မွာယူစဥ္ကတည္းက၊ ပါရိွလာတဲ႔အိပ္ထဲမွာ၊ စြန္႔ၿပစ္မယ္႔ detectors ေတြကိုထည္႔ၿပီး၊ ဆိပ္ကမ္းေရာက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ သေဘ္ာကိုယ္စားလွယ္မွ တဆင္႔ စြန္႔ၿပစ္ေစၿခင္း သို႔မဟုတ္ မူလထုတ္လုပ္သူထံ ၿပန္လည္ပို႔ေဆာင္ၿပီး၊ စြန္႔ၿပစ္ေစၿခင္းတို႔ကို ေဆာင္ရြက္သင္႔ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Dual chamber ionization smoke detector' -</span> ionization ဟာ မူလက၊ neutral တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ positive charge သို႔မဟုတ္ negative charge မေဆာင္တဲ႔၊ air molecules ေတြ သို႔မဟုတ္ atoms ေတြထဲမွ၊ electron ကိုဖယ္ထုတ္လိုက္္ ၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ ေပါါေပါက္လာတာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ electron ကို ဖယ္ထုတ္လိုက္္တဲ႔အခါ၊ molecule သို႔မဟုတ္ atom ဟာ၊ (+) positive charge ဆိုတဲ႔ အမဓါတ္ကို ေဆာင္ၿပီး၊ ဖယ္ထုတ္ၿခင္းခံရတဲ႔ electron ကေတာ႔ ( - ) negative charge ဆိုတဲ႔ အဖိုဓါတ္ကို ေဆာင္ၿခင္းၿဖင္႔၊ air molecules ေတြမွာ၊ ionization ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။</div>
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ပံုမွန္ ironic current ဟာ pico-amp ပမာဏခန္႔သာရိွပါတယ္။ chamber အတြင္းသို႔၊ air molecules ပမာဏမၽားမၽားဝင္ေရာက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ ironic current ပမာဏမၽားမၽား ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႔ ambient temperature အေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ အတက္အကၽအေၿပာင္းအလဲ ရိွနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ chamber အတြင္းသို႔၊ smoke particles ေတြ ဝင္ေရာက္လာတဲ႔အခါ၊ particles ပမာဏအေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ ironic current ပမာဏဟာလည္း ကၽဆင္းသြားမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ionizing ability ကိိုု၊ Linear Energy Transfer (LET) နဲ႔ Quality Factor (QF) အစရိွတဲ႔ characteristics ေတြၿဖင္႔ တိုင္းတာေဖာ္ၿပပါတယ္။</div>
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air molecules ေတြထဲမွ၊ electron ကို ဖယ္ထုတ္ရန္အတြက္ Alpha particles ေတြကိုမသံုးပဲ၊ beta particles ေတြကိုလည္း အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ အပူေပးၿခင္း heating, Electro-magnetic radiation နည္းလမ္းေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ Ultraviolet ray သို႔မဟုတ္ X ray ကို အသံုးခၽၿခင္း အစရိွတဲ႔နည္းလမ္းေတြကိုလည္း၊ အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ beta particles ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ ionizing ability ဟာ alpha particles ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳၿခင္းေလာက္ မေကာင္းတဲ႔အၿပင္၊ beta particles ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ဆိုးရြားတဲ႔ ကၽမ္းမာေရးထိခိုက္မွဳေတြ ၿဖစ္ပြားတတ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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ionization smoke detection system ဟာ 0.01 ~ 0.4 micron ေလာက္အထိေသးငယ္တဲ႔၊ combustion particles ေတြကို၊ detect လုပ္နိဳင္ၿပီး၊ fast burning ဆိုတဲ႔ လၽွင္ၿမန္စြာေလာင္ကၽြမ္းမွဳေတြနဲ႔ flaming fire ဆိုတဲ႔ မီးေတာက္မီးလၽွံၿဖင္႔ ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းမွဳေတြအတြက္၊ အသံုးၿပဳရန္ ပိုမိုသင္႔ေလၽွာ္ပါတယ္။ photo-electric smoke detection system ကေတာ႔၊ 0.4 ~ 10.0 micron ခန္႔၊ အရြယ္အစားရိွတဲ႔၊ combustion particles ေတြကိုသာ၊ detect လုပ္နိဳင္ၿပီး၊ slow burning ဆိုတဲ႔ ေနွးေကြးတဲ႔ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းမွဳေတြနဲ႔ smoldering fire ဆိုတဲ႔ မီးခိုးအလံုးအရင္း ထြက္ေပါါေလာင္ကၽြမ္းမွဳေတြအတြက္၊ အသံုးၿပဳရန္ ပိုမိုသင္႔ေလၽွာ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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fast burning နဲ႔ flaming fire ဒါမွမဟုတ္ slow burning နဲ႔ smoldering fire အစရိွတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္မွဳ အမၽိဳးအစားေတြကို၊ ခၽက္ၿခင္းသိနိဳင္ေစရန္၊ detector တခုအတြင္းမွာ ionization smoke detection system နဲ႔ photo-electric smoke detection system တို႔ကိုေပါင္းစပ္အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔၊ combination smoke detectors ေတြအား၊ အသံုးမၽားလာပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႔ sensitive ၿဖစ္လြန္းတာေႀကာင္႔ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ engine room မွာတတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ false alarm ေတြမႀကာခဏ ေပါါေပါက္တတ္ပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ engine room မွာ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳရန္ အသင္႔ေလၽွာ္ဆံုး၊ ionization smoke detector ကေတာ႔၊ dual chamber ionization smoke detector အမၽိဳးအစားၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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dual chamber ionization smoke detector မွာ၊ large hole opening chamber နဲ႔ tinny holes opening chamber ဆိုၿပီး၊ chamber (၂) ခုပါဝင္ကာ၊ large hole opening chamber ကို၊ sensing chamber အၿဖစ္အသံုးၿပဳထားသလို၊ tinny hole opening chamber ကိုေတာ႔ reference chamber အၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳထားပါတယ္။ ambient air ဟာ၊ sensing chamber အတြင္းသို႔ ဝင္ေရာက္မွာၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ reference chamber ကေတာ႔၊ air molecules ေတြနဲ႔ water vapor ေတြေလာက္သာ ဝင္ေရာက္ေစရန္၊ tinny hole မွတဆင္႔ ဖြင္႔ေပးထားပါတယ္။ tinny hole ဟာ smoke particles ေတြမဝင္နိဳင္ေလာက္ေအာင္၊ ေသးငယ္ပါတယ္။ reference chamber ဟာ၊ ionization current တန္ဘိုးတခု ထုတ္ေပးေနၿပီး၊ current တန္ဘိုးဟာ၊ humidity နဲ႔ barometric pressure ေပါါမူတည္ကာ၊ အတက္အကၽ အနည္းငယ္ ရိွတတ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja0abG3Lb3A-9ZqmxMYSFVQnlqDklUtov7DMeTHCdZ1gLEog0w1L9lhF-U2Vy5MSWEhv07G3C8ObeEr1bfx6Q3d20HXXjf0fS1TPItQWR_HvDxCIMBbs0AJoIV5XJRJ5Dv9nVTgBQl15W0/s1600/New+Picture+(2).bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja0abG3Lb3A-9ZqmxMYSFVQnlqDklUtov7DMeTHCdZ1gLEog0w1L9lhF-U2Vy5MSWEhv07G3C8ObeEr1bfx6Q3d20HXXjf0fS1TPItQWR_HvDxCIMBbs0AJoIV5XJRJ5Dv9nVTgBQl15W0/s400/New+Picture+(2).bmp" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Dual chamber ionization smoke detector</div>
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sensing chamber အတြင္းသို႔၊ ambient air ဝင္ေရာက္ေနစဥ္မွာရိွတဲ႔ ionization current တန္ဘိုးနဲ႔ reference chamber မွ၊ ionization current တန္ဘိုးတို႔ရဲ႕ ကြာၿခားမွဳဟာ၊ ပမာဏမမၽားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ trigger circuit မွာ၊ activated ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿခင္းမရိွသလို၊ အကယ္၍ smoke particles ေတြ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ combustion products ေတြ၊ sensing chamber အတြင္းကို၊ ဝင္ေရာက္လာတဲ႔အခါမွာ ionization current ကၽဆင္းသြားၿပီး၊ မူလ reference တန္ဘိုးနဲ႔ ကြာၿခားမွဳေႀကာင္႔ trigger circuit မွာ activated ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ </div>
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smoke detectors ေတြမွာ false alarm ေတြၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ false alarm ေတြၿဖစ္ေပါါရတဲ႔ အဓိကအေႀကာင္းရင္းကေတာ႔ အေႀကာင္းအမၽိဳးမၽိဳးေႀကာင္႔ dust ေတြ၊ steam ေတြ၊ fibers ေတြဟာ detectors အတြင္းသို႔၊ ဝင္ေရာက္ၿခင္းမွ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္သလို၊ non-smoke phenomena ဆိုတဲ႔ မီးခိုးမဟုတ္တဲ႔ အေငြ႔ေတြေႀကာင္႔လည္း၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ false alarm ေတြကဲ႔သို႔ မီးတကယ္ မေလာင္ပဲ ေဆးလိပ္မီးခိုးတို႔၊ ဂေဟေဆာ္ရာမွေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ welding smoke တို႔ေႀကာင္႔ မလိုလားအပ္တဲ႔ nuisance alarm ေတြလည္း ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Heat detectors' -</span> ေတြကို၊ အမၽိဳးအစားခြဲၿခားႀကည္႔လၽွင္ rate-of-rise detectors ေတြနဲ႔ fixed သို႔မဟုတ္ rate compensated detectors ေတြ ဆိုၿပီး၊ ေတြ႔နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ROR ဆိုတဲ႔ Rate-of-rise heat detectors ေတြဟာ၊ normal baseline condition မွာရိွေနတဲ႔ ambient temperature မွ၊၊ ရုတ္တရက္ temperature ခၽက္ၿခင္းေၿပာင္းလဲသြားတာနဲ႔၊ trigger circuit အား၊ activated ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစတဲ႔၊ detectors အမၽိဳးအစားေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ROR heat detectors ေတြဟာ၊ တမိနစ္မွာ 6.7° to 8.3° C နံွဳး သို႔မဟုတ္ 12° to 15° F နံွဳးခန္႔ လၽွင္ၿမန္တဲ႔ temperature ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳေတြအေပါါ detect လုပ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ temperature ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳဟာ တမိနစ္မွာ 6.7° to 8.3° C နံွဳးထက္ ပိုလာတဲ႔အခါ၊ trigger circuit အား၊ activated ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i> (A)</b> Rate-of-rise heat detector and <b>(B) </b>Rate compensated heat detectors<br />
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low energy fire ကဲ႔သို႔ temperature ရုတ္တရက္ သိသိသာသာ ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳမရိွတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္မွဳေတြအတြက္ ROR ေတြကုိ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳၿခင္းမရိွတာ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာေတာ႔ fast burning နဲ႔ flaming fire လို၊ မီးေလာင္မွဳေတြ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္တဲ႔၊ paint store နဲ႔ chemical store ကဲ႔သို႔ အလံုပိတ္ အခန္းေတြမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ </div>
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fixed သို႔မဟုတ္ rate compensated heat detectors ေတြကိုေတာ႔၊ hot work area ၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ သေဘ္ာမွ work shop ကဲ႔သို႔ ေနရာမၽိဳးမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ ရိွပါတယ္။ eutectic alloy ဆိုတဲ႔ heat sensitive element metal ကို၊ sensor အၿဖစ္အသံုးၿပဳထားၿပီး၊ မီးေလာင္မွဳေႀကာင္႔ ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔၊ အပူရိွန္ဟာ မူလသတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔၊ temperature setting တခုသို႔ ေရာက္ရိွသြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ trigger circuit အား၊ activated ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ heat detectors ေတြမွာ၊ alarm activated temperature setting ကို၊ 58° C သို႔မဟုတ္ 136.4°F နဲ႔ တခၽိဳ႕ Heat detectors ေတြမွာေတာ႔ 47° C သို႔မဟုတ္ 117° F ခန္႔ ခၽိန္ညိွထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Flame detectors' - </span>အုပ္စုမွာ ultraviolet (UV) sensitive sensor န႔ဲ infrared (IR) sensitive sensor ဆိုၿပီး၊ အသံုးမၽားတဲ႔ detectors အမၽိဳးအစား (၂) ခုကို ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ မီးေလာင္မွဳေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ flame အား၊ detect လုပ္ရာမွာ၊ combustible material အမၽိဳးအစားအေပါါ မူတည္ၿပီး၊ detectors ေတြကို ေရြးခၽယ္တတ္ဆင္ရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍မီးေလာင္တဲ႔ combustible material ဟာ၊ flame ေတြသာမက smoke ကိုပါ ထုတ္ေပးမယ္႔ materiel အမၽိဳးအစားၿဖစ္ခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ ultraviolet (UV) sensitive type flame detectors ေတြကို တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳရန္၊ မသင္႔ေလၽွာ္သလို၊ smoke particles ေတြေႀကာင္႔၊ light scattering ေတြေပါါေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ UV ray အား၊ block အေနနဲ႔ ပိတ္ဆို႔သြားေစတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Infrared (IR) Sensitive type flame detector</div>
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သေဘ္ာမွ boiler နဲ႔ incinerator ေတြဟာ၊ abnormal condition အေၿခအေနေတြမွာ၊ neck flame ေတြေပါါေပါက္တတ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ infrared flame detectors ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳႀကသလို၊ oil burning unit area ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ purifier space နဲ႔ oil heater area ေတြမွာလည္း၊ infrared flame detectors ေတြကိုသာ တတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'SOLAS regulation and Fire Detection System' -</span> 'SOLAS regulation Chapter II-2, Construction - Fire protection, detection, extinction, Regulation 7. 5. 1' မွာေတာ႔၊ accommodation spaces ေတြနဲ႔ ပက္သက္ၿပီး၊ stair ways, corridors နဲ႔ escape routes ေနရာေတြမွာ၊ smoke detectors ေတြကို တတ္ဆင္ရမယ္လို႔ ေဖာ္ၿပထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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ဒါ႔အၿပင္ Regulation 7.5.2,. 7.5.3, 5.4, နဲ႔ Regulation 6 မွာလည္း၊ သေဘ္ာအမၽိဳးအစားအလိုက္၊ တတ္ဆင္ရမယ္႔ ေနရာေတြကို၊ ေဖာ္ၿပထားသလို၊ Regulation 7 မွာေတာ႔၊ Manually operated call points ေတြကို၊ တခုနဲ႔ တခု မီတာ (၂၀) အကြာအေဝးထက္ မပိုပဲ၊ တတ္ဆင္ရမယ္လို႔ ေယဘုယၽ သေဘာမၽိဳး ေဖာ္ၿပထားပါတယ္။</div>
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သေဘ္ာေပါါမွ Fire Detection နဲ႔ Fire Protection အေႀကာင္းကို ေၿပာမယ္ဆိုလၽွင္၊ အေကာင္းဆံုး ကိုးကားစရာကေတာ႔ FSS Code လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔၊ International Code for Fire Safety Systems ပဲၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ FSS Code ဟာ၊ IMO ရဲ႕ SOLAS Regulation, Chapter II-2, 1974 Convention ရဲ႕ Fire safety system & equipment required အရ၊ MSC လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ Marine Safety Committee မွ၊ ၿပဌာန္းခဲ႔တာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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FSS Code ရဲ႕ Chapter 9 - Fixed fire detection and fire alarm system ရဲ႕ Regulation.2, Engineering specifications, Sub-title 2. 2
မွာ Fire detection system အတြက္၊ normal power supply ေရာ၊ emergency
power supply ကိုပါ သီးသန္႔ဆက္သြယ္ အသံုးၿပဳရမယ္လို႔ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ Sub title 2. 3 မွာေတာ႔ detectors ေတြနဲ႔ ပက္သက္တဲ႔ component requirements အပိုင္းကို၊ ေဖာ္ၿပ ထားပါတယ္။</div>
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Sub title 2. 3. 1. 2
မွာတတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳမယ္႔ smoke detectors ေတြဟာ၊ မီးေလာင္တဲ႔အခါ smoke
density 12.5 % obstruction per meter ထက္ မေကၽာ္ခင္မွာ activited
ၿဖစ္ရမယ္လို႔၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားသလို၊ Sub title 2. 3. 1. 3 မွာ heat detectors ေတြနဲ႔ ပက္သက္တဲ႔ အပိုင္းအား၊ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ ROR heat detectors ေတြဟာ၊ 1 Deg. C per minutes နံွဳးထက္ မပိုတဲ႔
temperature ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳေတြ ကို detect လုပ္နိဳင္ရမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ rate
compensated heat detectors ေတြကေတာ႔ မီးေလာင္တဲ႔အခါ၊ ambient temperature
ဟာ၊ 54 °C မေရာက္ခင္ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ alarm activated temperature ဟာ၊ 54 °C
ရယ္လို႔ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။</div>
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Sub title 2.4.2.2 မွာ Position of detectors ဆိုၿပီး၊ maximum floor area အေနနဲ႔ smoke detector ေတြကို၊ (၃၇) စတုရန္းမီတာ ဧရိယာတိုင္းမွာ တလံုးကၽစီ တတ္ဆင္ရန္န႔ဲ heat detector ေတြကိုေတာ႔ (၇၄) စတုရန္းမီတာဧရိယာတိုင္းမွာ၊ တလံုးကၽစီတတ္ဆင္ရန္၊ ၿပဌာန္းထားၿပီး maximum distance အကြာအေဝးအေနနဲ႔ smoke detector ေတြကို၊ တလံုးနဲ႔ တလံုး (၉) မီတာထက္ မပိုတဲ႔အကြာအေဝးန႔ဲ heat detector ေတြကိုေတာ႔၊ (၁၁) မီတာထက္ မပိုတဲ႔အကြာအေဝးမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ရန္ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ maximum distance away from bulkheads ဆိုၿပီး၊ smoke detector ေတြကို နံရံနဲ႔ အမၽားဆံုး (၄) မီတာခြဲ အကြာအေဝးနဲ႔ head detectors ေတြကို နံရံနဲ႔ အမၽားဆံုး (၅) မီတာခြဲ အကြာအေဝးေနရာေတြမွာသာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ရန္လည္း ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။<br />
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Fire detection & Prevention System ကို၊ Safety Equipments အၿဖစ္သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ International Convention For the Safety Of Life At Sea, 1974 as modified by Protocol of 1988 အရ၊ Classification Societies ေတြမွ ထုတ္ေပးရတဲ႔၊ သက္ေသခံ statutory certificate လက္မွတ္ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ Safety Equipment Certificate နဲ႔ အကၽံဳးဝင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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Safety Equipment Certificate ေနာက္ဆက္တြဲ၊ Form "E" ဆိုတဲ႔ Classed approved Safety Equipment Check List စာရင္းမွာ၊ ထည္႔သြင္း ေရးသားေဖာ္ၿပထားသလို Safety Equipment Survey တိုင္းမွာ စစ္ေဆးေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ SOLAS Chapter II-2, Part E - Operational requirements အပိုင္းမွ၊ Regulation 14 - Operational readiness and maintenance ရဲ႕၊ Regulation 14.1.1 မွာ fire protection systems ေတြနဲ႔ fire-fighting systems/ fire protection systems ေတြကို၊ ၿပဳၿပင္ ထိမ္းသိမ္းၿခင္း ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္နဲ႔ အခၽိန္မေရြးအသင္႔သံုးနိဳင္တဲ႔ အေၿခအေနမွာ ရိွေနေစရန္၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ထားဖို႔ၿပဌာန္းထားသလို၊ Regulation 14.1.2 မွာေတာ႔၊ ပံုမွန္ စစ္ေဆးၿခင္းေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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ဒါ႔အၿပင္ IMO မွၿပဌာန္းထားတဲ႔ International Safety Management ISM Code အရ၊ Critical Equipment အၿဖစ္လည္း သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ Critical Equipment ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ ISM Audit နဲ႔လည္း၊ အကၽံဳးဝင္ၿပီး၊ SMM ဆိုတဲ႔ Safety Management Manual မွာၿပဌာန္းထားတဲ႔အတိုင္း၊ Fire detection & Prevention System ေတြကို၊ ပံုမွန္စစ္ေဆးၿခင္း၊ ၿပဳၿပင္ ထိမ္းသိမ္းၿခင္း၊ အစရိွတဲ႔ regular inspection & maintenance ေတြကို၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၿခင္း ရိွမရိွ၊ စစ္ေဆးေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ </div>
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http://www.sas.or., SOLAS Regulation., FSS Code - International Code for Fire Safety Systems., <span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"> <a href="http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/" target="_blank">http://www.googlelunarxprize.org</a>, <a href="http://www.element-collection.com/" target="_blank">www.element-collection.com</a></span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-17579550032706918452013-06-11T16:55:00.000-07:002013-06-11T17:00:44.834-07:00"Operation of Servo-valve in a hydraulic actuator"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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hydraulic systems ေတြကို open loop system နဲ႔ closed loop system ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားသတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ open loop system ဆိုတာကေတာ႔၊ hydraulic fluid ဟာ အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး cycle ရဲ႕ အဆံုးမွာ၊ unpressurized fluid return အၿဖစ္၊ hydraulic tank သို႔၊ ၿပန္လည္ေရာက္ရိွလာမယ္႔ system ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ hydraulic pump ရဲ႕ အဝင္ inlet နဲ႔ hydraulic motor ရဲ႕ အထြက္ return တို႔ႀကားမွာ directional valve တလံုး၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားၿပီး၊ return line ကိုေတာ႔ hydraulic tank ၿဖင္႔၊ ဆက္သြယ္ထားပါတယ္။<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuvHZk10MCTeXvUd2TOLCRqzlTbjzRYIgUKWaT4QoRROhfFaRspX52fXg2d9utphReCLsK_EGvYm0FzogRTi3Tr7dwcNIDS16I7cRwc4j00hq5_BeulyAvlncWLJXDEoynhwamFcxvKfaC/s1600/New+Picture+(42).bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuvHZk10MCTeXvUd2TOLCRqzlTbjzRYIgUKWaT4QoRROhfFaRspX52fXg2d9utphReCLsK_EGvYm0FzogRTi3Tr7dwcNIDS16I7cRwc4j00hq5_BeulyAvlncWLJXDEoynhwamFcxvKfaC/s1600/New+Picture+(42).bmp" /> </a></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> <b> (A) -</b> Open loop system and <b>(B) -</b> Closed loop system </div>
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closed loop system မွာေတာ႔၊ hydraulic fluid ဟာ အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး cycle ရဲ႕အဆံုးမွာ၊ closed pressurized loop တခုအတြင္းရိွေနကာ၊ hydraulic tank သို႔၊ return အေနနဲ႔ ၿပန္မလာတဲ႔ system ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ hydraulic pump ရဲ႕ အဝင္ inlet နဲ႔ hydraulic motor ရဲ႕ အထြက္ return line တို႔ကို တိုက္ရိုက္ဆက္သြယ္ထားပါတယ္။</div>
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electrical signal အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ valve spool ရဲ႕ position အား လိုအပ္သလို ေၿပာင္းလဲေရြွ႕လၽွားေစနိဳင္တဲ႔ hydraulic valves ေတြကို၊ 'servo-valve' လို႔ေခါါကာ၊ 'flapper nozzle type' နဲ႔ 'jet pipe type' ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခား သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။closed loop control system ေတြမွာ၊ servo-valve ကို command sensor, feedback sensor ေတြ အပါအဝင္ analog သို႔မဟုတ္ digital controllers ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲဖက္အသံုးၿပဳၿခင္းၿဖင္႔၊ တိကၽတဲ႔ accurate position control အား ရရိွေစနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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servo-valve ကို hydraulic actuator နဲ႔ combination အၿဖစ္ တြဲဖက္ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ servo-actuator လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ servo-valve ကို low power electrical signal ေပးသြင္းရံုၿဖင္႔၊ hydraulic actuator သို႔မဟုတ္ hydraulic motor အား၊ တိကၽတဲ႔ accurate position နဲ႔ေရြွ႕လၽွားေစနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ servo-valves ေတြမွာ၊ torque motor, flapper nozzle သို႔မဟုတ္ jet pipe နဲ႔ spools အစရိွတဲ႔ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြကို၊ ထည္႔သြင္း တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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<img class="CSS_LIGHTBOX_SCALED_IMAGE_IMG" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5PmBpa4TwuF7zVKSSto_iiAUnH43Rs1ldWaqI4AGIWg580Aon4W2qe79zo5la2kuIT1hKtI27Oc8IrmYRcOSyC9PpnOcpw-EdqSAT6beuLCIGuqnHsU8fbTNka3VDoMVs-L4keqqYWKGc/s400/3.gif" width="400" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Cross section view for flapper nozzle type 2-stage servo-valve</div>
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hydraulic actuator သို႔မဟုတ္ hydraulic motor ကို တိကၽတဲ႔ accurate position ၿဖင္႔ေရြွ႕လၽွားေစရန္၊ servo valve မွ ပထမအဆင္႔ 'Stage 1' နဲ႔ ဒုတိယအဆင္႔ 'Stage 2' ဆိုၿပီး၊ အဆင္႔ (၂) ဆင္႔ၿဖင္႔ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးပါတယ္။ တခါတရံ တတိယအဆင္႔ 'Stage 3' ထည္႔သြင္းထားတဲ႔ servo valves ေတြ ကိုလည္း ေတြ႔ရတတ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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ပထမ အဆင္႔ 'Stage 1' ဟာ hydraulic pressure amplification ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ flapper nozzle သို႔မဟုတ္ jet pipe နဲ႔ spools တို႔မွေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးပါတယ္။ low power electrical signal ေႀကာင္႔၊ flapper nozzle သို႔မဟုတ္ jet pipe ေရြွ႕လၽွားၿပီး၊ differential pressure <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span> ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span> ေႀကာင္႔ spool ေရြွ႕လၽွားၿပီး၊ spool မွ <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span> ကို amplification အၿဖစ္၊ pressure တိုးၿမွင္႔ကာ၊ hydraulic actuator သို႔မဟုတ္ hydraulic motor သို႔ သက္ေရာက္ေစပါတယ္။ </div>
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spool မွ hydraulic actuator သို႔မဟုတ္ hydraulic motor သို႔ hydraulic pressure သက္ေရာက္ေစၿခင္းဟာ၊ ဒုတိယအဆင္႔ 'Stage 2' ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ တတိယအဆင္႔ 'Stage 3' ထည္႔သြင္းထားတဲ႔ servo valves ေတြမွာေတာ႔ additional spool ကိုတတ္ဆင္ထားၿပီး၊ spool ေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ ဒုတိယအဆင္႔ 'Stage 2' မွ hydraulic pressure ကို additional spool သို႔ သက္ေရာက္ေစပါတယ္။ additional spool valve မွာ သက္ေရာက္တဲ႔ pressure အား actuator သို႔မဟုတ္ motor သို႔ေပးသြင္းၿခင္႔ၿဖင္႔၊ servo system အၿဖစ္ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးပါတယ္။ </div>
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servo-valve မွာ hydraulic pressure inlet နဲ႔ torque motor အတြက္၊ electrical input ကိုေပးသြင္းပါတယ္။ စီးဝင္လာတဲ႔ electrical input current ရဲ႕ (+) positive သို႔မဟုတ္ (-) negative ပမာဏေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး flapper ေရြွ႕လၽွားပါတယ္။ flapper ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳမွတဆင္႔ servo-valve အတြင္းမွ၊ spool ေရြွ႕လၽားၿပီး၊ hydraulic actuator ရဲ႕chambers 'A' နဲ႔ 'B' တို႔အတြင္းမွ hydraulic pressure ကို၊ controlled အေနနဲ႔ ထိမ္းေႀကာင္းေပးပါတယ္။ spool ေရြွ႕လၽားတဲ႔အခါ၊ servo-valve ရဲ႕ port ေတြမွာ အဖြင္႔အပိတ္ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ hydraulic pressure ကို actuator ရဲ႕ တဖက္အၿခမ္းအတြင္းသို႔ စီးဆင္းေစပါတယ္။ actuator ရဲ႕ အၿခားတဖက္ အၿခမ္းအတြင္းမွ hydraulic fluid ကိုေတာ႔၊ servo-valve အတြင္းသို႔ return အေနနဲ႔ ၿပန္လည္၊ စီးဝင္ေစပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Flapper nozzle servo-valve' -</b></span> electromagnetic torque motor ဟာ flapper ကိုေရြွ႕လၽွားေစပါတယ္။ motor မွာ၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတဲ႔ torque ဟာ၊ ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔ applied current နဲ႔ proportionally တိုက္ရိုက္ အခၽိဳးကၽၿပီး၊ ေသးငယ္တဲ႔၊ mili-ampere range ပမာဏ ၿဖင္႔သာ၊ ေပးသြင္းပါတယ္။ torque motor မွာ၊ magnetically permeable armature (၁) ခု ပါဝင္ၿပီး၊ coil (၂) ခုကို armature winding အၿဖစ္ 'ပတ္' ထားပါတယ္။ armature ဟာ flapper piece ရဲ႕ အစိတ္အပိုင္းၿဖစ္သလို၊ permanent magnets (၂) ခုအႀကားမွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ applied current ကို armature coil သို႔ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔အခါ၊ armature မွာ၊ magnetic flux ေတြေပါါေပါက္လာပါတယ္။ </div>
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permanent magnets ေတြရဲ႕ magnetic poles ေတြႀကားမွာ၊ ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔ applied current ရဲ႕ direction အရ၊ armature မွ magnetic poles ေတြရိွေနပါတယ္။ permanent magnets ေတြဟာ၊ armature မွာၿဖစ္ေပါါတဲ႔ magnetic poles ရဲ႕ direction ေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ direction မတူတဲ႔အခါ attraction အေနနဲ႔ ဆြဲယူမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ direction တူတဲ႔အခါ repelling အေနနဲ႔ တြန္းကန္ပါတယ္။</div>
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permanent magnets ေတြရဲ႕ attraction နဲ႔ repelling ေႀကာင္႔၊ armature ဟာ၊ torque တန္ဖိုးပမာဏတခုၿဖင္႔ လည္ပတ္သြားပါတယ္။ armature လည္ပတ္တဲ႔အခါ၊ flapper လည္းလိုက္ပါေရြွ႕လၽွားပါတယ္။ permanent magnets ေတြဟာ၊ လည္ပတ္သြားတဲ႔ armature အား၊ position တခုမွာ lock အေနနဲ႔ ပံုေသရိွေနေစၿပီး၊ applied current ပမာဏထပ္မံတိုးၿမွင္႔မွသာ၊ ေနာက္ထပ္ position တခုသို႔ ဆက္လက္လည္ပတ္မွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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flapper ဟာလည္း၊ armature မွာ သက္ေရာက္တဲ႔ magnetic flux ေတြေႀကာင္႔၊ lock အေနနဲ႔ position တခုမွာ ပံုေသ ရိွေနတဲ႔အၿပင္၊ nozzles ေတြမွာရိွေနတဲ႔ hydraulic flow forces, flapper hinge point ရဲ႕ friction force တို႔ အပါအဝင္၊ flapper နဲ႔ spool တို႔ကို ဆက္သြယ္ေပးထားတဲ႔ feed back spring wire ရဲ႕ forces ေတြေႀကာင္႔၊ torque balance အေနနဲ႔ တည္ၿငိမ္ေနမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ flapper နဲ႔ spool တို႔ကို feed back spring wire ၿဖင္႔ ခၽိတ္ဆက္ထားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ servo-valve မွာ stability ပိုမိုရရိွနိဳင္သလို၊ performance လည္း ပိုမိုေကာင္းမြန္လာတာ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ <br />
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applied current ရဲ႕ direction ကိုေၿပာင္းလဲၿပီး၊
ေပးသြင္းလိုက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ armature ဟာ မူလ permanent magnet မွ၊ အၿခား
permanent magnet တခုထံသို႔ reverse direction ၿဖင္႔လည္ပတ္ကာ၊
ေရြွ႕လၽွားသြားမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ armature ရဲ႕ လည္ပတ္မွဳေႀကာင္႔ flipper ဟာ
nozzle တခုနဲ႔ ပိုမိုနီးကပ္သြားၿပီး၊ အၿခား nozzle တခုနဲ႔ ပိုမိုေဝးကြာသြားပါတယ္။
nozzle တခုနဲ႔ ပိုမိုနီးကပ္သြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ flipper နဲ႔ nozzle
အႀကားမွ hydraulic fluid ရဲ႕ flow area ကၽဥ္းေၿမာင္းသြားၿပီး၊ အၿခားတဖက္မွာေတာ႔
flow area ကၽယ္ၿပန္႔သြားပါတယ္။ armature ဟာ၊ (~ 0. 01 radius)
ပမာဏခန္႔သာရိွတဲ႔ အလြန္ေသးငယ္တဲ႔ angle နဲ႔သာ direction of rotation အၿဖစ္၊
လည္ပတ္သလို၊ flipper နဲ႔ nozzle တို႔ႀကားမွ gap အကြာအေဝး 'G' ဟာလည္း
(0. 002 ~ 0. 003) inches ခန္႔သာရိွပါတယ္။<br />
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Flapper nozzle servo-actuator</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'G'</span> ဆိုတဲ႔ flipper နဲ႔ nozzle တို႔ႀကားမွ gap အကြာအေဝးႀကီးမားခဲ႔လၽွင္၊
armature ဟာ direction of rotation အေနနဲ႔၊ ဆက္လက္
မလည္ပတ္နိဳင္ေတာ႔တဲ႔အၿပင္၊ flipper မွာရိွေနတဲ႔ torque balance forces
ေတြေႀကာင္႔ latch အေနနဲ႔ ကန္႔လန္႔ အတားအဆီးတခုလို၊ ၿဖစ္သြားတတ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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အထက္မွာေဖာ္ၿပထားတဲ႔ 'Flapper nozzle servo-actuator' မွ၊ nozzle ရဲ႕ အဝင္
inlet ဟာ orifices inlet (၂) ခု ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ <span style="color: blue;">'Q<sub>1</sub>'</span> နဲ႔ <span style="color: blue;">'Q<sub>2</sub>'</span>
အၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ nozzle ရဲ႕ အထြက္ outlet (၂) ခုကို <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>n1</sub>'</span> နဲ႔ <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>n2</sub>'</span> အၿဖစ္
သတ္မွတ္သလို၊ flapper နဲ႔ spool တို႔ကို ဆက္သြယ္ေပးထားတဲ႔ feed back
spring wire ကိုေတာ႔၊ nozzle ရဲ႕ back pressure <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>n3</sub>'</span> အၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ nozzle inlet orifice <span style="color: blue;">'Q<sub>1</sub>'</span> နဲ႔ <span style="color: blue;">'Q<sub>2</sub>'</span> တို႔ဟာ၊ flapper ရဲ႕
ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး hydraulic pressure နဲ႔ volume အေၿပာင္းအလဲကို၊
ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးပါတယ္။ </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Flapper nozzle</div>
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flapper နဲ႔ nozzle တို႔ဟာ linear relation ၿဖင္႔ဆက္စပ္ေနၿပီး၊ flapper နဲ႔
nozzle တို႔ အႀကားမွာေပါါေပါက္လာမယ္႔ circumferential area ဟာ၊ nozzle
diameter ထက္ေသးငယ္ပါတယ္။ nozzle တို႔ႀကားမွ circumferential area ဟာ၊ flow
control area ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ flapper ရဲ႕ ေသးငယ္တဲ႔ ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳ
movement မွတဆင္႔၊ accurate control ကို ရရိွေစတဲ႔အတြက္၊ torque motor ရဲ႕
materials, windings နဲ႔ overall design features ေတြဟာလည္း၊
အေရးႀကီးပါတယ္။ flapper ရဲ႕ movement ေႀကာင္႔ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတဲ႔ accurate
control ဟာ pilot spool သို႔ သက္ေရာက္ၿပီး၊ pilot spool မွတဆင္႔၊
actuator ကို၊ actual control အေနနဲ႔ ေရြွ႕လၽွားေစမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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pilot
spool ရဲ႕ ဟိုဖက္၊ ဒီဖက္ both sides (၂) ဖက္ စလံုးမွာ၊ flapper နဲ႔ nozzles
တို႔ရဲ႕ control pressure acting သက္ေရာက္ပါတယ္။ flapper ဟာ အလယ္ဗဟို
neutral position မွာရိွေနစဥ္၊ ဟိုဖက္၊ ဒီဖက္ nozzle flow areas ေတြဟာ
ညီမၽွေနမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ nozzle ရဲ႕ အထြက္ outlet pressures <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>n1</sub>'</span> နဲ႔ <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>n2</sub>'</span>
တို႔ဟာလည္း၊ ညီမၽွေနမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ nozzle ရဲ႕ အဝင္ inlet မွ flow areas ေတြ
ညီမၽွေနၿခင္းနဲ႔ inlet nozzle pressures ေတြ ညီမၽွေနၿခင္းကလည္း၊ neutral
position မွာရိွေနတဲ႔ flapper ကို ပိုမိုတည္ၿငိမ္ေစပါတယ္။ </div>
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flipper ဟာ၊ nozzle <span style="color: blue;">'n<sub>1</sub>'</span> နဲ႔ ပိုမိုနီးကပ္သြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ nozzle ရဲ႕ အထြက္
outlet flow area လည္း၊ ကၽဆင္းသြားၿပီး၊ outlet pressures <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>n1</sub>'</span> ၿမင္႔တက္လာပါတယ္။
တခၽိန္တည္းမွာပဲ nozzle <span style="color: blue;">'n<sub>2</sub>'</span> ရဲ႕ outlet flow area ၿမင္႔တက္သြားၿပီး၊
outlet pressures <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>n2</sub>' </span>ကၽဆင္းသြားပါတယ္။ မတူညီတဲ႔ outlet pressures <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>n1</sub>'</span> နဲ႔ <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>n2</sub>' </span>တို႔ေႀကာင္႔ differential pressure <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span>
ေပါါေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ <span style="color: blue;">"(differential pressure ∆<sub>p</sub>= P<sub>n1 </sub>– P<sub>n2 </sub>)"</span> အရ spool ဟာ၊
outlet pressures နည္းတဲ႔ nozzle <span style="color: blue;">'n<sub>2</sub>'</span> ဖက္ အၿခမ္းသို႔၊ ေရြွ႕သြားပါတယ္။
high pressure fluid ဟာ၊ actuator chamber <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>A</sub>'</span> အတြင္းသို႔ စီးဝင္လာၿပီး၊
actuator chamber <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>B</sub>'</span> အတြင္းမွ fluid ကေတာ႔ return အေနနဲ႔ servo-valve
အတြင္းသို႔ ၿပန္လည္ စီးဆင္းသြားပါတယ္။ flapper ဟာ nozzle <span style="color: blue;">'n<sub>1</sub>'</span>
ဖက္သို႔ေရြွ႕သြားစဥ္၊ feed back spring wire မွ၊ neutral position
သို႔ ၿပန္လည္ဆြဲယူပါတယ္။<br />
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<img border="0" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi39ETXvuVt_k1ieyMQaHc56C7OgBLHlIIdKTM8NYi0-41H391MxruV61ykcl0UX0CbFoNL0eEucyFGS03AmBPT_fOuFCKMdDYu10HBb0ajkmROwNRtmgOGAnMtqN6eLFi8tYlUOLNLTfsC/s400/7.jpg" width="400" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Fiber-optic force sensor</div>
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flapper system မွာ stabilizing force ရရိွေစရန္၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ spring wire
အစား linear variable differential transducer ေတြကိုလည္း feed back
အၿဖစ္၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ 'Hall effect sensor' သို႔မဟုတ္ 'Piezoelectric sensor' နဲ႔ 'Fiber-optic force sensor' အစရိွတဲ႔ linear
variable differential transducer ေတြရဲ႕ output signal ဟာ၊ armature
သို႔ ေပးသြင္းေနတဲ႔ applied current ကို၊ control လုပ္ၿပီး stabilizing
ရရိွေစရန္၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Jet pipe servo-valve' - </b></span>servo systems ေတြကို ခြဲၿခားႀကည္႔တဲ႔အခါ၊ load positioning servo system, velocity servo system နဲ႔ force servo system ဆိုၿပီးေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ applications ေတြအေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ servo systems ေတြ ကြဲၿပားေပမယ္႔၊ flapper nozzle type နဲ႔ jet pipe type servo-valve (၂) မၽိဳးထဲမွ၊ တမၽိဳးကို အဓိက main component အၿဖစ္ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ jet pipe type servo-valve မွာ spool ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳၿဖစ္ေပါါေစရန္၊ jet pipe အား၊ အသံုးၿပဳထားၿပီး၊ torque motor အလုပ္လုပ္ပံုကေတာ႔၊ flapper nozzle type servo-valve အလုပ္လုပ္ပံုနဲ႔ ဆင္တူပါတယ္။<br />
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jet pipe
ဟာ hydraulic fluid moving ေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ kinetic energy
ကို၊ static pressure အၿဖစ္သို႔ေၿပာင္းလဲေပးပါတယ္။ servo-valve ရဲ႕ receiver block
မွာ အေပါက္ hole (၂) ခု ပါဝင္ၿပီး၊ hole (၂) ခုရဲ႕
အလယ္ဗဟို center မွာ jet pipe ရိွေနတဲ႔အခါ၊ servo ဆိုတဲ႔ spool ရဲ႕ ဟိုဖက္ဒီဖက္ both end မွာ
သက္ေရာက္ေနမယ္႔ hydraulic pressure ေတြဟာလည္း၊ ညီမၽွေနပါတယ္။ receiver hole
တခုဖက္ဆီသို႔၊ jet pipe လည္ပတ္ကာေရြွ႕လၽွားသြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ receiver hole ရဲ႕
hydraulic pressure ဟာ၊ jet pipe နဲ႔ ေဝးသြားတဲ႔ receiver hole ရဲ႕
hydraulic pressure ထက္ ပိုမၽားလာမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ servo ဆိုတဲ႔
spool မွာ pressure unbalanced condition တခုေပါါေပါက္လာၿခင္း
ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmz8PI27cF6F6zu7GfGoazderfvK9wegGOlUvrjMPJffcqP2fDricQyEOnuclkziHVks085Tg6iSIxE36zry4dO7zu9MfA4rn-lF5EFaoGlaVwoOfIQ0TpjxTzP_QvDO_oKTGAjtNKHstM/s640/1.png" width="640" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Jet pipe centered position and Jet pipe rotate to right side position </div>
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUH4tH3MQtvxVjlrElxd88tFPm0se1BzoKMjfZbj0H-dP_52VCbf-Da9XJmulyiu1qixwo87ZCnxjG2IqIoOsRm0wlndwkkCJL0klMeokydlxUBqzrzT_K2i_5arJGqjlEkecrNcFw-wXk/s1600/2.gif" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Bernoulli's equation </div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle" target="_blank">'Bernoulli’s equation'</a>
ကို၊ သံုးၿပီး၊ jet pipe ရဲ႕ rotational movement ေႀကာင္႔ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာမယ္႔
stagnation pressure <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>S</sub>'</span> ကို၊ တြက္ယူနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ stagnation pressure <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>S</sub>' </span>ဟာ၊
hydraulic fluid ရဲ႕ အလယ္ midstream မွာ ၿဖစ္ေပါါမယ္႔ maximum fluid
pressure ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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jet stream ဟာ၊ receiver block ရဲ႕ အလယ္ဗဟိုကို၊
သက္ေရာက္ေနစဥ္၊ spool ရဲ႕ ဟိုဖက္ဒီဖက္ both end မွာ သက္ေရာက္ေနမယ္႔
hydraulic pressure ေတြ၊ ညီမၽွေနတဲ႔အတြက္၊ (<span style="color: blue;">∆<sub>p</sub></span><sub></sub> = 0) အေနနဲ႔၊ differential
pressure ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿခင္း မရိွနိဳင္တာ၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။<br />
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jet pipe ဟာ၊ receiver
block ရဲ႕ ညာဖက္ 'right side' သို႔ေရြ႔ွ႕လၽွားသြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ jet stream
ေႀကာင္႔ ညာဖက္ receiver hole မွာ hydraulic fluid pressure ၿမင္႔တက္လာၿပီး၊
ဘယ္ဖက္ left side မွာရိွေနတဲ႔ receiver hole မွာေတာ႔ pressure
ကၽဆင္းသြားပါတယ္။ differential pressure <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span> ေပါါေပါက္လာၿခင္းၿဖစ္သလို၊
jet pipe ရဲ႕ ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳ အကြာအေဝးဟာ၊ ေသးငယ္လြန္းေပမယ္႔ differential
pressure ဟာ jet pipe travel range နဲ႔ linear relation ၿဖင္႔၊ တိုက္ရိုက္
အခၽိဳးကၽပါတယ္။</div>
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglC0hrkyhBNvZH00rn1WIbAKi5Pe891FY6iRUC6letsyAZB3E1feyZsVWu9IAywJk_WcP8TOSbXzssKrBlytExwhxLUZDZ39spb8lntOWfNiP4DGJp9kDi9UGzf51-4rqYeE9mJA86YPB-/s1600/3.png" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Jet pipe servo-actuator</div>
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jet pipe ရဲ႕ nozzle diameter နဲ႔ receiver hole diameters ေတြဟာ၊
relationship အေနနဲ႔ ဆက္သြယ္မွဳရိွသလို၊ jet pipe nozzle ရဲ႕ performance
လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ optimization ဟာလည္း၊ servo-valve အတြက္ အေရးႀကီးပါတယ္။ <span style="color: blue;">
'maximum L = 2 D<sub>n</sub>'</span> ဆိုတဲ႔ nozzle နဲ႔ receiver hole အကြာအေဝး ဆက္သြယ္ခၽက္အရ၊ အမၽားဆံုးအကြာအေဝး maximum <span style="color: blue;">'L'</span> ဟာ၊ receiver hole diameter
ထက္၊ (၂) ဆခန္႔သာ ရိွသင္႔ပါတယ္။ nozzle နဲ႔ receiver hole တို႔ဟာ၊
တတ္နိဳင္သမၽွ အနီးကပ္ဆံုး၊ အကြာအေဝးမွာ ရိွတဲ႔အခါ၊ optimization
ပိုမိုေကာင္းမြန္တာ၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ </div>
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optimization ေကာင္းမြန္မွသာ၊ actuator
chamber <span style="color: blue;">'A'</span> နဲ႔ <span style="color: blue;">'B'</span> တို႔အေပါါ တလွည္႔စီသက္ေရာက္မယ္႔ hydraulic pressure <span style="color: blue;">
'P<sub>1</sub>'</span> နဲ႔ <span style="color: blue;">'P<sub>2</sub>'</span> တို႔ကိုလည္း၊ maximum pressure အေနနဲ႔ ရရိွနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ Jet
pipe servo-valve ရဲ႕ spool မွာ differential pressure <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span>
သက္ေရာက္ေနစဥ္၊ stabilizing force ရရိွဖို႔၊ 'Flapper nozzle servo-valve'
ေတြကဲ႔သို႔၊ feed back spring wire သို႔မဟုတ္ linear variable
differential transducer ေတြကိုတတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။</div>
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jet pipe servo-valve ရဲ႕ receiver block hole diameter ဟာ၊ ႀကီးမားပါတယ္။
hole diameter ႀကီးမားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ hydraulic fluid မွာ ေရာေနွာပါဝင္ေနတဲ႔
အမွဳန္၊ အနည္နဲ႔ အညစ္အေႀကးေတြေႀကာင္႔ contamination ရိွေနေပမယ္႔၊ jet pipe
servo-valve ရဲ႕ servo operation ကို၊ ထိခိုက္နိဳင္ၿခင္း
မရိွတာေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ jet pipe orifices ဆိုတဲ႔ jet pipe nozzles ေတြရဲ႕
diameter ဟာ၊ flapper nozzle diameter ထက္၊ ပိုမိုႀကီးမားပါတယ္။<br />
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jet pipe nozzle
diameter ႀကီးမားတဲ႔အတြက္ jet pipe servo-valve မွာ leakage flow ဆိုတဲ႔၊
internal leakage ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ သလို၊ flapper nozzle servo-valve မွာေတာ႔
flapper nozzle diameter ေသးငယ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ hydraulic fluid contamination
ေႀကာင္႔၊ ပိတ္ဆို႔တတ္ပါတယ္။ flapper nozzle ပိတ္ဆို႔သြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ spool ဟာ
direction တဖက္တည္းကိုသာေရြွ႕လၽွားၿပီး၊ အၿခားတဖက္သို႔ မေရြွ႕နိဳင္ပဲ၊
ရပ္ေနတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;">'Servo movement' -</span></b> spool အား၊ hydraulic fluid pressure ေပးသြင္းၿပီး၊ ဟိုဖက္ဒီဖက္
လိုအပ္သလိုေရြွ႕လၽွားေစၿခင္းကို 'servo movement' အၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။
servo movement ရရိွေစရန္ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ spool ဟာ rod တခုနဲ႔ ဆက္ထားတဲ႔
lands (၂) ခုပါဝင္တဲ႔ spool ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ bushing လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ outer sleeve
အတြင္းမွာေရြွ႕လၽွားပါတယ္။ hydraulic fluid စီးဝင္နိဳင္ေစရန္ sleeve မွာ
flow port ေတြေဖာက္ထားၿပီး၊ spool နဲ႔ outer sleeve တို႔ကို၊ ေပါင္းစပ္ကာ
'servo' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။<br />
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'servo' ဟာ၊ hydraulic paths ရဲ႕ actuation
component တခုၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ spool ရဲ႕ position ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳဟာ၊ valve
အတြင္း ၿဖတ္သန္းစီးဆင္းသြားမယ္႔ hydraulic fluid ရဲ႕ flow area
ေပါါမူတည္ပါတယ္။ flow area ကို control လုပ္ၿခင္းၿဖင္႔၊ spool ရဲ႕
position ေရြွ႕လၽွားေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ open/ closed ဆိုတဲ႔ 'two
position solenoid controlled', applied current
အား၊ လိုအပ္သလိုေၿပာင္းလဲေပးသြင္းတဲ႔ 'proportional solenoid controlled' နဲ႔
'mechanical lever controlled' အစရိွတဲ႔ နည္းလမ္းေတြကိုအသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ flow area
ကို control လုပ္ႀကပါတယ္။ <br />
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<img border="0" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeiC8fFeJE6_0vcSznyuvfmcuQEXDvL1bRs9GdfLBlk1izdZ42XZdoKsfkbyu4s2FpFQU_QTWUtBvpF_E7ejTkeE95vvn81xGHDBS8d8zWvRrO4SRHbPdlOiK5Karh3g2vCrkP4x63iczr/s400/4.png" width="400" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Basic servo</div>
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdndwQr0gNnB4WYGirSE6BnYYTYFbfKsVDMCDzv6qqLrFI376VNH_ubSGMJu5RksC8EFxYQWNM4It7AC91JH-QiPfJhaFa-Oskn7hDliJPGadtVIvLvagZ09VrD3lPLKYlH2YzIaFn4peY/s1600/5.gif" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Servo flow characteristic equation</div>
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'Servo flow characteristic equation' လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ 'Turbulent orifice flow
equation' အရ၊ valve spool position <span style="color: blue;">'X<sub>v</sub>'</span> ဟာ၊ flow cross-sectional area <span style="color: blue;">
'A<sub>v</sub>'</span> နဲ႔ ဆက္သြယ္ေနပါတယ္။ flow cross sectional area ေႀကာင္႔ valve spool
ရဲ႕ position ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ servo ရဲ႕ flow rate ကိုေတာ႔၊ outlet flow area မွ
controlled လုပ္ၿပီး၊ outlet flow area ဟာ၊ inlet flow area
ထက္ေသးငယ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ASWg0n_9J70NE6-VibDDXIjFh-WLfFbBAJQqEC8z1DwPP6fWwGIJaOrpwqjH_pt_5WCa_b5rJ36PkOe5iXVZAIhc4FaOT9bqjyB3yAEM9jKCLVi_wxEt0J1maJHfKtcUGetg3ULqz8Ks/s400/6.png" width="400" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Servo lapping </div>
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bushing လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ outer sleeve အတြင္းမွာ spool တည္ရိွေနပံု အေနအထားကို
'lapped' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ spool တည္ရိွေနပံု အေနအထားအေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ servo
ေတြကို zero lapped servo, over lapped servo နဲ႔ under lapped servo
အၿဖစ္ခြဲၿခား၊ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ 'zero lapped servo' ရဲ႕ land width အကၽယ္နဲ႔
flow port ေတြရဲ႕ width ဟာတူညီပါတယ္။ land width နဲ႔ port width
တူညီေနတဲ႔အတြက္၊ outlet မွာ zero flow position ၿဖစ္ေပါါေနၿပီး၊ tightest
control အေနနဲ႔ တိကၽမွဳရိွတဲ႔ high precision servo-valves ေတြအၿဖစ္၊
အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ 'over lapped servo' မွာေတာ႔ land width ဟာ flow port width
ထက္ပိုႀကီးပါတယ္။ spool ေရြွ႕လၽွားတဲ႔အခါ ေပါါေပါက္လာမယ္႔ flow area vs
pressure curve ဆိုတဲ႔ flow area နဲ႔ pressure ဆက္သြယ္ခၽက္မွာ၊ dead-band
အေနနဲ႔ေတြ႔နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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minimum spool movement ဟာ overlap dimension
နဲ႔ညီမၽွၿပီး၊ spool ေရြွ႕လၽွားၿပီးမွသာ outlet flow စီးဆင္းပါတယ္။
overlapped servo ေတြရဲ႕ 'noise' factors tolerant ဟာႀကီးမားပါတယ္။ 'noise'
factors tolerant ႀကီးမားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ တိကၽတဲ႔ control accuracy
ရရိွနိဳင္မွဳ ကၽဆင္းသြားပါတယ္။ under lapped servo ရဲ႕ land width ဟာ၊
port width ထက္ငယ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ spool position အကုန္လံုးမွာ၊ outlet flow
စီးဆင္းေနပါတယ္။ outlet flow ႀကိဳတင္ရိွေနတဲ႔အတြက္၊ control response
ပိုၿမန္တာ၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ </div>
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<img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguvyrG1ZXJjmJhqAS2NvZsSWsCRjPo_eMltHS-qIvKq9MaoejHoI1IAmjwSLGz5VWZTAdyeXP7bGig4d5ulmCVOHZ4E1AcHUN_1OWvs9K3SnUdDwOAAnSDYEZmiwWfTCPK1upQQrlf6GRV/s400/7.png" width="400" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Flow rate behavior </div>
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'Turbulent orifice flow equation' အရ၊ servo port ရဲ႕ flow area ကို၊ <span style="color: blue;"> 'A
(X<sub>v</sub>)'</span> အၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ flow area ဟာ valve တည္ေဆာက္ပံု type
ပံုသ႑န္နဲ႔ spool position တို႔ အေပါါမူတည္ပါတယ္။ differential pressure <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span> ဟာ၊ constant အေနနဲ႔ တည္ၿငိမ္ေနတဲ႔အခါ၊ flow rate နဲ႔ flow area တို႔ဟာ၊
proportionally varies အေနနဲ႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ အခၽိဳးကၽေၿပာင္းလဲေနမွာ
ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ flow area ဟာ constant အေနနဲ႔ အေၿပာင္းအလဲမရိွတဲ႔အခါမွာေတာ႔၊
flow rate နဲ႔ differential pressure <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span> တို႔ဟာ၊ square root varies
ဆိုတဲ႔ နွစ္ထပ္ကိန္းရင္း ဆက္သြယ္ခၽက္နဲ႔ လိုက္ပါေၿပာင္းလဲေနပါတယ္။<br />
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<img border="0" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyuwQl3Rml-v1_TuuwhlNLZEArNZSfoY3l1IAN0WFaQ3DxkeE0lxwAmfuyO1aXFn-vr54xi9MuVE6sJb0WqpRlJ17hRqrQaRSsokGmhPsIQj7GVEADJOEBSZllzZxBdkmA7iyhfxj9-gaL/s400/8.png" width="400" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Effects of valve lapping on flow </div>
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အေပါါမွာေဖာ္ၿပထားတဲ႔ 'flow curve' မွာ၊ differential pressure <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span> ဟာ၊
constant အေနနဲ႔ တည္ၿငိမ္ေနၿပီး၊ servo မွ sleeve port
အတြင္းသို႔ ဝင္ေရာက္လာမယ္႔ hydraulic fluid ရဲ႕ controlled flow နဲ႔ valve
position တို႔ရဲ႕ ဆက္သြယ္ခၽက္ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ zero lapped spool မွာ curve ဟာ
controlled flow နဲ႔ valve position တို႔ရဲ႕ origin point အားတေၿဖာင္႔တည္း
ၿဖတ္သန္းသြားတာ၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ overlapped servo မွာ၊ flow ဟာ zero အေနနဲ႔
ရိွေနၿပီး၊ sufficiently moved အေနနဲ႔ spool ေရြွ႕လၽွားသြားမွ flow စတင္
စီးဆင္းပါတယ္။
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under lapped valve မွာေတာ႔ flow ဟာ servo ရဲ႕ directions
(၂) ဖက္စလံုးသို႔စီးေနၿပီး၊ spool စတင္ေရြွ႕လၽွားတဲ႔အခါ၊ zero flow အေနနဲ႔
ရပ္တန္႔ သြားပါတယ္။ spool စတင္ေရြွ႕လၽွားၿခင္းကို load စတင္
ထမ္းေဆာင္ၿခင္းအၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ၿပီး၊ zero flow အေနနဲ႔ servo မွ
hydraulic fluid စီးဆင္းၿခင္း မရိွတဲ႔အေၿခအေနကို၊ 'null' position
လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ spool ဟာ null position ကိုေကၽာ္လြန္သြားတာနဲ႔
လၽွင္ၿမန္စြာေရြွ႕လၽွားသြားၿပီး၊ sleeve ရဲ႕ outlet port အား
အလၽွင္အၿမန္ပိတ္လိုက္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_m_RKCBs6widFkBIBrnbj6yf-ATe9Q3E69JUAXGDuBJePK6WEoL5GK4xY_sX24xeAcwDAWEFu_SiCjhoO3r7XDrFisVIryErofeUcAAzdUjCvcgRamcHV4mzEl1pkqydTihSZkVKVyZtH/s1600/New+Picture.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_m_RKCBs6widFkBIBrnbj6yf-ATe9Q3E69JUAXGDuBJePK6WEoL5GK4xY_sX24xeAcwDAWEFu_SiCjhoO3r7XDrFisVIryErofeUcAAzdUjCvcgRamcHV4mzEl1pkqydTihSZkVKVyZtH/s640/New+Picture.bmp" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig. </span></i>(A)<i><span style="color: blue;"> </span></i></b>Flow rate behavior for a two position servo and <b>(B)</b> Mechanically positioned servo</div>
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open/ closed ဆိုတဲ႔ 'two position solenoid controlled' servo ေတြမွာ၊ spool မေရြွ႕လၽွားခင္ minimum flow area <span style="color: blue;">'A<sub>min</sub>'</span> အတြင္း၊ zero flow အေနနဲ႔ servo မွ hydraulic fluid စီးဆင္းၿခင္း မရိွသလို၊ spool ေရြွ႕လၽွားတဲ႔အခါ maximum flow area <span style="color: blue;">'<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>A<sub>max</sub>'</span> အား၊ 100 mili-seconds ေအာက္အခၽိန္တိုေလးအတြင္းမွာ၊ ခၽက္ၿခင္း ရရိွနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ 'mechanical lever controlled' ဆိုတဲ႔ mechanically positioned servo ေတြမွာေတာ႔၊ flow area ဟာ၊ mechanically input force 'F' နဲ႔ ညီမၽွပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ mechanically input force အေပါါမွာ တိုက္ရိုက္မွီခိုၿပီး၊ flow area ေၿပာင္းလဲတယ္လို႔၊ ဆိုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr3iyXqoc0glvP4otg5n6Kwt4SwFGqk9Vpzl_IoVDVej1Jbaen49iimCeoM9OLDmQ0E6fV3yfuVBbyK3iX7cU_4M3vFlJi-AsYg8uUkCWQkq0Bp38rXzHouN7O-jqYH14a4gYLyptm940N/s320/13.png" width="320" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Spool grooves servo </div>
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servo ေတြကိုေရြးခၽယ္တတ္ဆင္တဲ႔အခါ၊ အသံုးၿပဳမယ္႔ pressure rating, ေပါါေပါက္လာမယ္႔ differential pressure နဲ႔ temperature rating, တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ spring, အသံုးၿပဳမယ္႔ actuation method နဲ႔ speed, closed loop system မွ interactions ဆိုတဲ႔ တြဲဖက္အသံုးၿပဳမယ္႔ equipment နဲ႔ devices ေတြရဲ႕ သက္ေရာက္မွဳ effect, servo-valve materials, friction, seals/ clearances, failure modes နဲ႔ chattering အစရိွတဲ႔ အခၽက္အလက္ေတြကို၊ ထည္႔သြင္းစဥ္းစားရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHziNgH0Z5Y-OqO5-pnuDJ-7-meFxp1_D45b1AZHc2TBvELxAbSh2ZjoEUG1LfNiqW7FXEvinOJG8qGP75CnTg0q4J9MOfRq_xw03RuRgyvgVUMEVheyMwXk9J0O6-lfn1kxR1agKugsrT/s1600/1.jpg" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Electro-hydraulic servo-valve</div>
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အသံုးၿပဳမယ္႔ pressure rating နဲ႔ ကိုက္ညီတဲ႔ servo ၿဖစ္ဖို႔လိုသလို၊ servo အထြက္မွ၊ downstream pressure ဟာ၊ servo အတြင္းမွ orifice လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ nozzle အား၊ flow restriction အေနနဲ႔ အေနွာက္အယွက္ေပးကာ၊ ၿပန္လည္ သက္ေရာက္တတ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ differential pressure ဟာ downstream pressure ကို ခံနိဳင္ရည္ရိွရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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servo ဟာ ပတ္ဝန္းကၽင္ေနရာရဲ႕ environmental temperatures ကို ခံနိဳင္ရည္ရိွဖို႔လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ non-powered position မွာ servo ကို return အၿဖစ္ ၿပန္လာေစရန္၊ တခါတရံ spring ထည္႔သြင္းတတ္ဆင္ထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ spring ရဲ႕ force ဟာ၊ non-powered condition အေၿခအေနအၿပင္၊ operating conditions အေၿခအေနအားလံုး အတြက္မွာပါ၊ လံုေလာက္မွဳရိွ မရိွကို၊ ထည္႔သြင္းစဥ္းစားဖို႔ လိုသလို၊ solenoid သို႔မဟုတ္ mechanical linkage ဟာ၊ spring ရဲ႕ overcome force ကို၊ ခံနိဳင္ရည္ရိွရန္လည္း လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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servo position ကို၊ control အေနနဲ႔ ထိမ္းေကၽာင္းတဲ႔အခါ၊ solenoid သို႔မဟုတ္ mechanical linkage တို႔ကိုအသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ actuation method လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ actuation method ကိုေရြးခၽယ္ရာမွာ၊ hydraulic system တခုလံုးရဲ႕ overall system layout နဲ႔ design အားအေၿခခံၿပီး၊ solenoid အတြက္ ရရိွနိဳင္မယ္႔ maximum နဲ႔ minimum available voltages ေတြကို၊ ေရြးခၽယ္ပါတယ္။ mechanical linkage method ကိုေရြးခၽယ္တဲ႔ အခါမွာေတာ႔၊ hydraulic system တခုလံုးမွာေပါါေပါက္နိဳင္မယ္႔ inertia, friction နဲ႔ maximum applied load တို႔အား၊ အေၿခခံၿပီး ေရြးခၽယ္ပါတယ္။ hydraulic system ရဲ႕ structure နဲ႔ components ေတြအလိုက္၊ actuation method ဟာ၊ ကိုက္ညီမွဳ compliance ရိွမရိွကို၊ ထည္႔သြင္းစဥ္းစားရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ hydraulic system ဟာ၊ reset force ထည္႔သြင္းဖို႔ လိုအပ္တဲ႔အခါ၊ spring reset mechanism တတ္ဆင္ေပးရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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servo ဟာ actuation device ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ speed ကိုလည္း၊ ထည္႔သြင္း စဥ္းစားရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ solenoid ကိုအသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔၊ 2 position (open/ closed) servo ေတြဟာ၊ လၽွင္ၿမန္တဲ႔ fast response servo ေတြ ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ closed အေနနဲ႔ ၿပန္ပိတ္တဲ႔အခါ၊ pressure waves ေတြေပါါေပါက္တတ္ပါတယ္။ pressure waves ဟာ၊ control system မွာ၊ shut off flow အၿဖစ္၊ အေနွာက္အယွက္ေပးတတ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ fault အၿဖစ္ယူဆနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ pressure waves ေတြၿငိမ္သက္သြားေစရန္၊ time required အေနနဲ႔ 50 ~ 100 milliseconds ခန္႔ အခၽိန္ယူၿပီးမွ၊ actuation ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ၿခင္းၿဖင္႔၊ shut off flow အားေလၽွာ႔ခၽနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
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servo အတြက္အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ material ကို ေရြးခၽယ္တဲ႔အခါ၊ corrosion နဲ႔ environmental considerations ပိုင္းေတြကို ထည္႔သြင္းစဥ္းစားဖို႔ လိုအပ္သလို၊ ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔ extreme temperature ကိုလည္း၊ ခံနိဳင္ရည္ရိွရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ mechanically actuated servos ေတြဟာမွ၊ mechanical linkage method ကို အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ spool မွာ friction ေပါါေပါက္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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servo ေတာ္ေတာ္မၽားမၽားရဲ႕ spool နဲ႔ housing တို႔ကို၊ tight clearances အေနနဲ႔တတ္ဆင္ထားၿပီး၊ leakage မၿဖစ္ေပါါေစရန္ တားဆီးႀကပါတယ္။ တခါတရံလည္း leakage ကို တားဆီးဖို႔ seal ေတြကို၊ ထည္႔သြင္းအသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ tight clearances နဲ႔ seal တို႔မွာ၊ tear and wear ဆိုတဲ႔ ပြန္းစားၿခင္းေတြ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ tear and wear down ဟာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳရာပတ္ဝန္းကၽင္ environmental conditions ေတြေႀကာင္႔ ေပါါေပါက္တတ္သလို၊ aging ဆိုတဲ႔အသံုးၿပဳမွဳ သက္တမ္းႀကာလာတဲ႔ အခါမွာလည္း ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ wear and tear ေႀကာင္႔၊ leakage flow ဆိုတဲ႔၊ internal leakage ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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servo ဟာ၊ full closed position မွ full open position သို႔ေရြွ႕လၽွားေနစဥ္၊ လမ္းခုလတ္မွာ 'jamming' အေနနဲ႔ ဆက္မေရြႇ႕နိဳင္ပဲ ရပ္သြားတတ္ပါတယ္။ solenoid ဟာ၊ servo ကိုလံုေလာက္တဲ႔ current မေပးသြင္းနိဳင္တဲ႔ အခါမၽိဳးေတြနဲ႔၊ hydraulic fluid contamination ေႀကာင္႔၊ spool မွာ high friction ရိွေနတဲ႔အခါ၊ jamming ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ၿပီး၊ failure mode လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ hydraulic fluid အဝင္အထြက္၊ upstream နဲ႕ downstream pressure ေႀကာင္႔၊ proportional servo ေတြမွာ၊ 'chattering' ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ chattering ဟာ natural frequency တခုနဲ႔ အသံၿမည္တတ္သလို၊ fluid flow ကိုလည္း damping အေနနဲ႔ မတည္မၿငိမ္ ၿဖစ္ေစတတ္ ပါတယ္။<br />
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hydraulic fluid flow နဲ႔ differential pressure <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span> တို႔ဟာ၊ 'Turbulent
orifice flow equation' အရ ဆက္သြယ္ေနၿခင္းၿဖစ္သလို၊ spool
မွာေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔၊ force balance ေႀကာင္႔ servo position ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ force balance မွာ flapper nozzle ဒါမွမဟုတ္ jet pipe
မွတဆင္႔ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတဲ႔ differential pressure သာမက၊ spool မွာသက္ေရာက္ေနတဲ႔
friction forces, spring forces နဲ႔ flow forces ေတြလည္း
ပါဝင္တဲအ႔ေႀကာင္း၊ အထက္မွာေဖာ္ၿပခဲ႔ပါတယ္။<br />
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spool ဟာ neutral position
မွာရိွေနၿခင္းကို 'null position' မွာ servo-valve ရိွေနၿခင္းအၿဖစ္၊
သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ null position ဟာ hydraulic fluid စီးဆင္းၿခင္းမရိွတဲ႔၊
non-flow position ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ servo-valve အမၽားစုကိုႀကည္႔လၽွင္၊
compression springs ေတြကို servo ရဲ႕ ဟိုဖက္ဒီဖက္ both side မွာ၊
တတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ 'null position' အၿဖစ္၊ ထိမ္းသိမ္းထားတာေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။<br />
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အခၽိဳ႕ servo-valve ေတြမွာေတာ႔ servo ရဲ႕ တဖက္တည္းမွာ compression spring
တတ္ဆင္ထားတာေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ applied current ေႀကာင္႔ spool
ေရြွ႕လၽွားတဲ႔အခါ၊ spring ရဲ႕ force ထက္ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔ over come force
ရရိွမွသာ၊ null position မွေကၽာ္လြန္ၿပီး၊ ေရြွ႕လၽွားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။
အေႀကာင္းတစံုတခုေႀကာင္႔ applied current ရုတ္တရက္၊ ၿပတ္ေတာက္သြားတဲ႔အခါ၊
compression springs ေတြေႀကာင္႔ servo ဟာ၊ null position သို႔
ခၽက္ၿခင္းၿပန္လည္ေရာက္ရိွသြားၿပီး၊ hydraulic fluid စီးဆင္းမွဳကို
ၿဖတ္ေတာက္လိုက္မွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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null position ဆိုတဲ႔ non-flow position ကို
'null bias' လို႔လည္းေခါါႀကပါတယ္။ servo ကိုnull position
မွေရြ႕သြားေစမယ္႔ applied current ကိုေတာ႔ 'null bias current'
လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ null bias current ဟာ servo မွာ ၿဖစ္ေပါါသက္ေရာက္တတ္တဲ႔ supply pressure, operating temperatures နဲ႔ wear and tear ေတြေႀကာင္႔၊
အနည္းအမၽားအေၿပာင္းအလဲ ရိွတတ္ပါတယ္။ null bias current ကို rated current
ရဲ႕ ± 3% ခန္႔အတြင္းထားရိွပါတယ္။ <br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;">'Servo-valve flow characteristics' -</span></b>
servo ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳေႀကာင္႔၊ hydraulic fluid ရဲ႕ flow မွာ
characteristics ေတြ၊ ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳၿဖစ္ေပါါပါတယ္။ orifice flow equation
ကို flow characteristics အေနနဲ႔၊ ေဖာ္ၿပနိဳင္သလို၊ control flow နဲ႔ load
pressure တု႔ိ၊ ဆက္သြယ္ေနတာေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။<br />
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<img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhisk8_LUaMxFIfo0XuUDvDqslV1I5EMOibqfMWogcung7XfxpMr-HonV4WrikhWVg3V8P9dfc_5PkKQiRXFiaxQmzZ5g1_Njj4g4PMnFCayP6rjf9fvPEEJjfiMJ04gnFZJgQCiWx5xneb/s640/2.png" width="640" /> </div>
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN5vKVXg7bgRwY2MkdZiL3rLljA65tViUaiK7gwR28Xaw1Kz837HAriK22uUHZEIQAmxhdE7zLwJ9B5vWc0EYehyECK-4y6i_KOM-c7ofgvOkDLPLb_thoJaSXiDRC0uaVGth555qZAdbb/s1600/3.gif" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Flow characteristics – Control flow vs. Load pressure<br />
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<i><span style="color: blue;">'i/ i<sub>max</sub>'</span></i> ဟာ၊ servo-valve သို႔ေပးသြင္းမယ္႔ applied current နဲ႔ maximum current တို႔ရဲ႕ ratio ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <i><span style="color: blue;">'ρ'</span></i> ဟာ hydraulic fluid ရဲ႕ density ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ <span style="color: blue;"><i>'q'</i></span> က flow rate ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<i> <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span></i> ဟာ differential pressure ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ servo-valve ဟာ null position တဝိုက္နဲ႔၊ spool travel ရဲ႕အဆံုးမွာ၊ ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔ higher gain ရရိွတာေတြ႔ရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<img border="0" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjECFOuBWxawWEiJL5373YUxhypGLYIgJFAIvWi0nXMg8IzOR7qiq0GPbyd7D18E4LXFEiips-KDZE70D_Gri3d9KQKmfimPdMMI5GDkqQl0FkLS5JgpuamomaPY37AtANaIt1Z-uuyVEJl/s640/4.png" width="640" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig. </span></i></b>Servo flow characteristics – Control flow vs. Input current</div>
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input current အေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ control flow ေၿပာင္းလဲပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍
differential pressure<i> <span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span></i> ဟာ၊ အေၿပာင္းအလဲမရိွ constant အေနနဲ႔၊
တည္ၿငီမ္ေနတဲ႔အခါ၊ control flow ဟာ liner အေနနဲ႔ လိုက္ပါေၿပာင္းလဲပါတယ္။
higher differential pressure <i><span style="color: blue;">'∆<sub>p</sub>'</span></i> ေႀကာင္႔ flow ၿမင္႔တက္လာပါတယ္။<br />
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5OfftIkURz17VulntcoJthOFmXnaIhJ_6XEQeFwpRq_fG2qsS2HgPQ70de3TWFJ-pRGlfjBan1S2OIebyssry_pyyqsbaxDSRVaGpXKQ3deRbkkWTiI2t_hpbiZIchv_6o1TRIcWCu2nS/s1600/5.png" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Servo flow characteristics – Flow curve with hysteresis<br />
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current ကို 0 ampere မွ maximum positive ampere value၊ တခါ maximum
negative ampere value မွ 0 ampere၊ အစရိွသလို ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔အခါ၊ control
flow ကို အၿပာေရာင္ၿဖင္႔ေဖာ္ၿပထားတဲ႔ curve အေနနဲ႔ေတြ႔ရမွာ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။
servo-valve မွာ၊ torque motor ရဲ႕ electromagnetic effects ေတြနဲ႔
friction တို႔ေႀကာင္႔၊ hysteresis ေတြေပါါေပါက္ေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ ideal flow
curve မွာ hysteresis effects ကို ဥပမာအၿဖစ္ေဖာ္ၿပထားပါတယ္။<br />
<br />
electromagnetic effects ဟာ၊ non-linear characteristic ရိွတဲ႔အတြက္၊
hysteresis loop ဟာ၊ input signal ေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ non-linear width အေနနဲ႔
ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတာကို၊ ေတြ႔ရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ friction ေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔၊
hysteresis ကေတာ႔၊ non-linearity characteristics နဲ႔ေပါါေပါက္ေပမယ္႔၊
backlash ဆိုတဲ႔ hysteresis loop ရဲ႕ clearance ေသးငယ္တာကိုေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။
တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ spool ရဲ႕ movement function တေလၽွာက္လံုးမွာ၊ constant
အေနနဲ႔ ယူဆနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ servo-valve ရဲ႕ hysteresis ကို၊ valve dynamic
position မွာရိွေနတဲ႔၊ inertia effect ကို၊ ထည္႔မတြက္ပဲ၊ spool
ေရြွ႕လၽွားစဥ္ slow speed မွာ၊ တိုင္းတာၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Servo flow characteristics – Flow curve with Hysteresis & Null Bias<br />
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null bias ေႀကာင္႔၊ servo မွာ unbalanced spring effect
ေပါါေပါက္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ servo ဟာ unbalanced spring effect
ေႀကာင္႔ အလယ္ဗဟိုမွာမရိွပဲ၊ 'offset' အေနနဲ႔ direction တဖက္သို႔
ေရာက္ေနတတ္သလို၊ torque motor current ကို ပိုမိုေပးသြင္းလိုက္တဲ႔အခါ၊
shifting flow ေပါါေပါက္တတ္ပါတယ္။ electronic controllers ေတြ၊ closed
loop position control loops ေတြနဲ႔တြဲဖက္အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔၊ servo-actuators
ေတြဟာ၊ inherently ဆိုတဲ႔ပင္ကိုယ္မူလတည္ေဆာက္ပံုအရ၊ non-linear behavior
ဘဘာဝ ရိွတာေတြ႔ရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Reference and image credit to :</span></i></b> <a href="http://www.daerospace.com/" target="_blank">http://www.daerospace.com/</a>, <a href="http://www.valvehydraulic.com/" target="_blank">http://www.valvehydraulic.com/</a>, <a href="http://robotics.case.edu/" target="_blank">http://robotics.case.edu/</a><br />
<br />
<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Remark :</span></i></b> All publications and images
herein this website are for use of educational purpose only. The owner
of this web site is not responsible for the consequences in case of
violation to copyright, trademark, patent or other intellectual
property rights of any third party. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-38565603835586304622013-06-03T02:41:00.000-07:002013-06-04T05:24:49.603-07:00"Hull, Bottom & Tank Corrosion Protection"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmsEKUMvweSC8xPzUVieSaabj8NN-0ySXyQQ4layTZxUUODta3rZjcBTkchr2ZHV_o2Y-_QUc4UwP2qvLUk8l8KKWMUmwG0YpdseSVlcdoZrHGrje3-ggQBGt30DXgGn3TcIHoGAmlY5Dm/s1600/New+Picture+(32).bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmsEKUMvweSC8xPzUVieSaabj8NN-0ySXyQQ4layTZxUUODta3rZjcBTkchr2ZHV_o2Y-_QUc4UwP2qvLUk8l8KKWMUmwG0YpdseSVlcdoZrHGrje3-ggQBGt30DXgGn3TcIHoGAmlY5Dm/s640/New+Picture+(32).bmp" width="556" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Type of corrosion </div>
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Corrosion ေတြကို၊ Uniform corrosion, Concentration cell corrosion, Inter-granular corrosion ဆိုတဲ႔ Exfoliation corrosion, Atmospheric corrosion, Erosion corrosion, Fretting corrosion, De-alloying corrosion, Formicary corrosion ဆိုတဲ႔ Ant-net corrosion, MIC ဆိုတဲ႔ Microbiological corrosion, Galvanic corrosion သို႔မဟုတ္ Bimetallic corrosion, Crevice corrosion ဆိုတဲ႔ Pitting corrosion , Cracking ဆိုတဲ႔ Stress corrosion, Cavitation corrosion, Hydrogen embitterment corrosion, Immunity corrosion နဲ႔ Corrosion fatigue ဆိုၿပီး သတ္မွတ္ထားႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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ပင္လယ္ေရ sea water နဲ႔ ဆားဓါတ္ပါတဲ႔ ေရခိုးေရေငြ႔ sea moisture ေတြကို၊
အၿမဲထိေတြ႔ေနရတဲ႔ သေဘ္ာအတြက္ေတာ႔၊ corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳဟာ၊
ေရွာင္လြွဲလို႔ မရနိုင္တဲ႔ ကိစၥၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽဖို႔ကိုသာ၊
အတတ္နိဳင္ဆံုးႀကိဳးစားရပါတယ္။ ပင္လယ္ေရနဲ႔ ေရခိုးေရေငြ႔ေတြကို၊ အၿမဲထိေတြ႔ေနရတဲ႔ material ေတြရဲ႕ corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳ process reaction ကို 'chemical reaction process' နဲ႔ 'electrochemical reaction process' ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Chemical reactions process' -</span> သေဘ္ာေတြရဲ႕ သံသားမၽက္နွာၿပင္ iron steel surface နဲ႔ ေလထုထဲမွ atmospheric oxygen တို႔ထိေတြ႔ရာမွ၊ iron ေတြၿပိဳကြဲကာ chemical reaction process အေနနဲ႔ iron oxide ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ iron oxide ဟာ ေရနဲ႔ ေရခိုးေရေငြ႔တို႔ၿဖင္႔၊ ထပ္မံထိေတြ႔ၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔၊ iron hydroxide သို႔မဟုတ္ rust လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ သံေခၽးေတြေပါါေပါက္လာပါတယ္။ rust ဟာ oxygen နဲ႔ ဆက္တိုက္ထိေတြ႕ၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ သံေခၽးတက္ ဧရိယာပမာဏ၊ ပြားမၽားလာပါတယ္။ oxygen ပါဝင္မွဳနည္းတဲ႔ stainless steel material ရဲ႕ ပထမအလြွာမွ oxide layer မွာေတာ႔ chemical reactions မၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္ကိုလည္း၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Electrochemical reactions process' -</span> အခၽိဳ႕ေသာသတၱဳ metal ေတြရဲ႕ acid, bases နဲ႔ ဓါတ္ေငြ႔ဖြဲ႔စည္းမွဳ gas compound ေတြအတြင္း၊ iron ၿပိဳကြဲမွဳေႀကာင္႔၊ electrochemical reaction process ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ metal compound ေတြထဲမွ ၿပိဳကြဲထြက္လာတဲ႔ iron ေတြရဲ႕ ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳေႀကာင္႔ လၽွပ္စီးမွဳ current flow ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿပီး၊ 'galvanic current flow' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ iron ၿပိဳကြဲမွဳေႀကာင္႔ ေရနဲ႔ ထိေတြေနတဲ႔ သေဘ္ာကိုယ္ထည္ သံၿပားေတြမွာ negative iron ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ ေရမွာေတာ႔ positive iron ၿဖစ္ေပါါပါတယ္။</div>
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ေ႐ွာင္လြွဲလို႔မရတဲ႔ corrosion ကိုေလၽွာ႔ခၽနိဳင္ရန္ တစ္နည္းအားၿဖင္႔ electrochemical reactions process ကို အဓိကထားကာ၊ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽနိဳင္ရန္၊ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ 'ေဆးသုတ္ၿခင္း' ဆိုတဲ႔ by painting the metal surface that is continuously exposed to water or moisture, 'sacrificial anode မၽားတတ္ဆင္ၿခင္း' ဆိုတဲ႔ by reversing the current using sacrificial anode နဲ႔ 'ICPP' ဆိုတဲ႔ 'impressed current cathodic protection system တတ္ဆင္ၿခင္း' စတဲ႔ နည္းလမ္းေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာေတြအတြက္ corrosion protection အေနနဲ႔၊ corrosion ကိုေလၽွာ႔ခၽရာမွာ ေဆးသုတ္ၿခင္းဆိုတဲ႔ painting ကို၊ primary protection အၿဖစ္သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ၿပီး၊ sacrificial anode တတ္ဆင္ၿခင္းနဲ႔ impressed current cathodic protection system တတ္ဆင္ၿခင္း တို႔ကိုေတာ႕ secondary protection အၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ အရည္အေသြးညံ႔တဲ႔ သုတ္ေဆး paint ကို အသံုးၿပဳထားၿပီး၊ သုတ္ေဆးအလြွာ paint coating လည္း၊ 'ပါး' ခဲ႔လၽွင္ sacrificial anode ေတြရဲ႕ သက္တမ္း၊ တိုေတာင္းသြားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqi8gIynyYNLc5ikG1xsdi_osDUmIqnSyQmPVpipg15Ry_spsGk_bIbmsG0axnewv72lKUZdgOkchSfNaWxYLykwl4uT3l8diCtLFfS1TyXxS2hvW_rpIVoO2dVrWcGzy2mfsxsE0bhcWf/s320/galvaniccurrentflow.png" width="320" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> galvanic current flow</div>
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ေရထဲမွ
အမၽိဳးအစားမတူတဲ႔ သတၱဳအလြွာ (၂) ခုႀကားမွာ၊
အိုင္းယြန္းေတြရဲ႕ ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳေႀကာင္႔ 'လၽွပ္စီး' ဆိုတဲ႔ current flow ဟာ higher
potential သတၱဳမွ၊ lower potential သတၱဳသို႔ စီးဆင္းပါတယ္။ lower potential
သတၱဳမွ iron ေတြဟာ galvanic current flow ေႀကာင္႔ တၿဖည္းၿဖည္းနဲ႔ ေရထဲသို႔
စီးဆင္းသြားသလို၊ အခၽိန္အတိုင္းအတာ တခုသို႔ ေရာက္သြားတဲ႔အခါမွာေတာ႔ lower
potential သတၱဳမွာ iron လံုးဝမကၽန္ေတာ႔တဲ႔ အေၿခအေနၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ 'anodic
reaction' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7vZ-sUF0nfpefHUFsEai4C_HbieC-QGGrWxS9exmd3i7qX9tvTc9y53sj6HOPUUffBs5hRQVHJl9mNd4Q1vZFWG1zDHaYk_vVgF73u3x7tMk5uj-QIpkN8d-3oZKrJlk1u4J-AP0por7m/s1600/New+Picture+%2829%29.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7vZ-sUF0nfpefHUFsEai4C_HbieC-QGGrWxS9exmd3i7qX9tvTc9y53sj6HOPUUffBs5hRQVHJl9mNd4Q1vZFWG1zDHaYk_vVgF73u3x7tMk5uj-QIpkN8d-3oZKrJlk1u4J-AP0por7m/s640/New+Picture+%2829%29.bmp" width="640" /></a> </div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><i>Fig.</i></span> (A) -</b> Corrosion in tank, <b>(B) -</b> Anodes on Rudder blade </div>
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သေဘ္ာသံၿပားေတြမွာ၊ lower potential သတၱဳ
အမၽိဳးအစားကို၊ တတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ 'anode' လို႔အမည္ေပးကာ၊ higher potential
သတၱဳၿဖစ္တဲ႔ သေဘ္ာသံၿပားကိုေတာ႔ 'cathode' လို႔ အမည္ေပးပါတယ္။ hull plate
ဆိုတဲ႔၊ သေဘ္ာကိုယ္ထည္ သံၿပားေတြမွာမက၊ propeller နဲ႔အနီးတဝိုက္ ဧရိယာေတြ၊
pipeline ေတြနဲ႔ heat exchanger ေတြမွာလည္း၊ lower potential သတၱဳ အမၽိဳးအစားၿဖစ္တဲ႔ zinc နဲ႔ aluminum တို႔ကို၊ anode
အၿဖစ္ တတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ secondary corrosion protection အား၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႀကပါတယ္။ </div>
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တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ oxidation လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ corrosion ဟာ၊ anodic zone မွာသာ ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿပီး၊ cathodic zone မွာ မၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ corrosion မေပါါေပါက္ေစခၽင္တဲ႔ metal surface ကို၊ cathodic zone အၿဖစ္ ေၿပာင္းလဲလိုက္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ corrosion protection လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ corrosion prevention အတြက္၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ cathodic protection system ကို၊ "Hull cathodic protection system" သို႔မဟုတ္ "Sacrificial anode protection system" နဲ႔ ICCP ဆိုတဲ႔ "Impressed current cathodic protection system" ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Sacrificial anode protection system' -</b></span> သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ hull, bottom နဲ႔ tank ေတြမွာ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတဲ႔ corrosion ဟာ၊ electrochemical reaction ေႀကာင္႔ ေပါါေပါက္လာတာၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ 'uniform corrosion' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ anode နဲ႔ cathode တို႔ကို၊ common electrolyte အရည္တခုအတြင္း၊ 'နွစ္' လိုက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ electrochemical reaction ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ electrochemical reaction ဟာ၊ corrosion process ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ electrolyte ကိုၿဖတ္ကာ၊ anode မွ cathode သို႔၊ current flow တခု စီးဆင္းသြားၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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anode မွ cathode သို႔၊ current flow စီးဆင္းရာမွ၊ ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ current ရဲ႕ magnitude ဟာ၊ metal lost လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ corrosion နဲ႔ တိုက္ရိုက္အခၽိဳးကၽၿပီး၊ 1 ampere ပမာဏရိွတဲ႔ current flow ဟာ၊ steel ကို၊ တနွစ္ 9 Kg အေလးခၽိန္ခန္႔၊ corroding surface အၿဖစ္၊ ေပါါေပါက္ေစနိဳင္တာကို ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ sacrificial anode protection system ဟာ၊ လၽွပ္စစ္ဓါတ္အား အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၿခင္းမရိွသလို၊ installation လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ တတ္ဆင္မွဳ အပိုင္းမွာလည္း လြယ္ကူတာကို၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔၊ anode ေတြ၊ ကုန္ဆံုးသြားတဲ႔အထိ၊ corrosion protection အား၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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"Hull cathodic protection system" ဆိုတဲ႔ "Sacrificial anode protection system" ကို၊ metal တခုအား ကာကြယ္ရန္အတြက္၊ အၿခား metal တခုမွ စေတးခံၿခင္းလို႔ ဆိုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ စေတးခံရတဲ႔ sacrificial anode ဟာ၊ active metal ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ steel structure မွာေပါါေပါက္လာမယ္႔၊ corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳအား၊ တားဆီးရန္၊ steel structure နဲ႔အတူ coupling အေနနဲ႔ တြဲဖက္ၿပီး၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ အမၽိဳးအစားမတူတဲ႔ သတၳဳ metal သို႔မဟုတ္ သတၳဳစပ္ alloy (၂) မၽိဳးကို၊ တြဲဆက္ၿပီး၊ electrolyte form အေနနဲ႔ ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစၿခင္းကို၊ galvanic couple သို႔မဟုတ္ galvanic cell လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ </div>
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aluminum, zinc နဲ႔ magnesium anodes ေတြကို၊ galvanic anodes ေတြ အၿဖစ္၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ galvanic reaction ပိုမိုေကာင္းမြန္တာကိုေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ current ပိုမိုထုတ္ေပးနိဳင္တယ္လို႔၊ ဆိုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ hull ကို cathode အၿဖစ္၊ ယူဆတဲ႔အခါ cathode မွထြက္လာတဲ႔ corrosion current ရဲ႕ magnitude အား၊ galvanic anodes ေတြမွထုတ္ေပးတဲ႔ protective current ၿဖင္႔၊ ဖိသိပ္ေၿခဖၽက္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> <b>(A) -</b> Freely flowing corrosion current from anode to cathode and <b>(B)</b> - Flow of corrosion current suppressed by protective current discharged from sacrificial anode </div>
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မည္သည္႔ metal သို႔မဟုတ္ alloy ကိုမဆို၊ conductive electrolyte တခုခုအတြင္း နွစ္လိုက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ open circuit potential လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ unique corrosion potential ေတြၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ 'Galvanic series' အရ၊ မည္သည္႔ metal သို႔မဟုတ္ alloy အမၽိဳးအစားမွာမဆို၊ ပင္လယ္ေရနဲ႔ထိေတြ႔တဲ႔အခါ၊ more active သို႔မဟုတ္ prone to corrosion လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔၊ corrosion ၿဖစ္လြယ္တဲ႔သတၱိေတြရိွသလို၊ noble သို႔မဟုတ္ corrosion resistant လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔၊ corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါဖို႔မလြယ္ကူတဲ႔၊ ဂုဏ္သတၱိေတြလည္း၊ ရိွပါတယ္။</div>
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conductive environment လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔၊ electrolyte တခုခုအတြင္းမွာ၊
အမၽိဳးအစား မတူတဲ႔သတၱဳ (၂) မၽိဳးကို၊ electrical connection အေနနဲ႔
ဆက္သြယ္ၿပီး၊ နွစ္လိုက္တဲ႔ အခါ၊ electrons ေတြဟာ active ၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ သတၱဳမွ
noble ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ သတၱဳဖက္သို႔၊ စီးဆင္းပါတယ္။ active ၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ သတၱဳဟာ negative
surface ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ noble ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ သတၱဳဟာ၊ positive surface
ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ electrons flow ေႀကာင္႔ noble metal မွာ၊ negative
potentials ေတြပိုမိုၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ cathodic polarization
လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ electron ေတြေရြွ႕လၽားရာမွေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ current flow
နဲ႔ polarization ဟာ၊ noble metal မွာ corrosion
ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳကိုတားဆီးေပးပါတယ္။ </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Anodic reaction </div>
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zinc နဲ႔ steel တို႔ကို၊ တြဲမဆက္ပဲ၊ သီးၿခားတခုစီ sea water
နဲ႔ထိေတြ႔ေစတဲ႔အခါ၊ 'Anodic reaction' အရ၊ steel surface မွာ excess flow
အေနနဲ႔ electrons ေတြကို ပိုမိုစီးဆင္းေစနိဳင္မယ္ဆိုရင္၊ steel ရဲ႕
oxidation ကၽဆင္းသြားမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ zinc block တံုးကို၊ steel hull
အေပါါမွာ welding ေဆာ္ၿပီး၊ galvanic couple အေနနဲ႔တြဲဆက္ကာ
ပင္လယ္ေရနဲ႔ထိေတြ႔ေစတဲ႔အခါ၊ active metal ၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ zinc မွာသာ၊ corrosion
ပိုၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ noble metal ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ steel မွာ corrosion
ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳနည္းသြားတာ ကိုေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ negative potentials
ေတြထုတ္ေပးမယ္႔ active metal တခုခုနဲ႔ တြဲဆက္ၿပီး၊ reverse reaction အေနနဲ႔
driving force ကို ပိုမိုေပးသြင္းကာ၊ oxidation ကိုေလၽွာ႔ခၽၿခင္း
ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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sacrificial anodes အၿဖစ္အသံုးၿပဳမယ္႔၊ metal ရဲ႕ elector-chemical
properties ဟာ၊ အေရးႀကီးပါတယ္။ electrolyte ေတြမွာ resistance
ရိွတဲ႔အတြက္၊ sacrificial anode မွ corrosion potential ဟာ၊ ပင္လယ္ေရလို
electrolyte အတြင္းမွ၊ ၿဖတ္သန္းသြားရပါတယ္။ sacrificial anode ဟာ၊
လံုေလာက္တဲ႔ driven current ကိုထုတ္ေပးနိဳင္တဲ႔ negative သို႔မဟုတ္ active
metal ၿဖစ္ရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ sacrificial anode အၿဖစ္ zinc ကိုအသံုးၿပဳသလို၊
aluminum ကိုလည္း အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ zinc ကို aluminum
နဲ႔နိွဳင္းယွဥ္အသံုးၿပဳႀကည္႔တဲ႔အခါ၊ သက္တမ္း တိုတာကို ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။
တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ zinc ရဲ႕ corrosion protection rate ဟာ၊ aluminum
ထက္နည္းတယ္လို႔ ဆိုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ေစၽးနံွဳးအရလည္း aluminum ဟာ သက္သာေပမယ္႔၊
သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ အစဥ္အလာတခုလို၊ zinc ကိုသာ အသံုးၿပဳေနဆဲ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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anode မွထုတ္ေပးတဲ႔ current အနည္းအမၽားေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ corrosion protection ကို၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္တာၿဖစ္သလို၊ anode ေတြ၊ ကုန္မသြားပဲ ေရရွည္အသံုးနိဳင္ေစရန္၊ current အနည္းအမၽားကို၊ ခၽိန္ညွိေပးလို႔ မရသလို၊ hull မွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ anodes ေတြရဲ႕ ပြန္းစားမွဳဟာ၊ သေဘ္ာေမာင္းနွင္ သြားလာရာမွ ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔၊ hull pressure နဲ႔ turbulent flow အနည္းအမၽားအေပါါ မူတည္ေနပါတယ္။ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ anodes ေတြေႀကာင္႔ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ hull drag နဲ႔ fuel consumption တိုးလာနိဳင္သလို၊ သက္တမ္းအေနနဲ႔ အမၽားဆံုး (၃) နွစ္ အထိသာခံၿပီး၊ အသစ္လဲလွယ္ေပးရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Impressed current cathodic protection system' -</b></span> ICCP ဆိုတဲ႔ Impressed current cathodic protection system ရဲ႕ အေၿခခံအလုပ္လုပ္ပံုဟာ၊ Sacrificial anode protection system အေၿခခံအလုပ္လုပ္ပံုနဲ႔ ဆင္တူၿပီး၊ vulnerable material ဆိုတဲ႔ electrons ေတြ၊ ပိုမိုထုတ္ေပးမယ္႔၊ သတၱဳတမၽိဳးကိုအသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ အၿခား သတၱဳတခုသို႔ reverse direction အေနနဲ႔ စီးဆင္းေစၿပီး၊ corrosion rate အား ေလၽွာ႔ခၽတာၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ vulnerable material တခုခုကို၊ galvanic anode အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ ၿပင္ပမွ DC current အား၊ galvanic anodes အတြင္းသို႔ေပးသြင္းၿပီး၊ protective current ထုတ္ယူၿခင္းလို႔ ဆိုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ေယဘုယၽ အားၿဖင္႔ graphite, silicon iron, lead alloy နဲ႔ platinised metals ေတြကို၊ galvanic anode အၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Anodic reaction</div>
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'M' ဟာ၊ metal ရဲ႕ atomic symbol ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ 'n' ကေတာ႔၊ reaction မွာ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာမယ္႔၊ electron အရည္အတြက္ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 'Anodic reaction' အရ၊ steel surface မွာ excess flow အေနနဲ႔ electrons ေတြကို၊ ပိုမိုစီးဆင္းေစမယ္ဆိုလၽွင္၊ steel ရဲ႕ cathodic polarization ကၽဆင္းသြားမွာ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ICCP system ဟာ၊ conductive electrolyte တခုခုအတြင္းမွာေပါါေပါက္လာမယ္႔၊ metal ရဲ႕ open circuit potential လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ unique corrosion potential ကို၊ ၿပင္ပမွ electric current ေပးသြင္းကာ၊ fixed value အေနနဲ႔ ထိမ္းညိွထားၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ potential ကို fixed အေနနဲ႔ controlled လုပ္ထားတဲ႔အခါ၊ metal မွာ 'anodic dissolution' မေပါါေပါက္နိဳင္ေတာ႔အတြက္၊ sacrificial anodes ေတြလို၊ စားသြားၿခင္း မရိွေတာ႔သလို၊ corrosion ကိုလည္းေလၽွာ႔ခၽနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Basic ICCP system </div>
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ICCP system မွာ အဓိကပါဝင္တဲ႔ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြကေတာ႔၊ power supply, AC signal ကို DC signal အၿဖစ္ေၿပာင္းလဲေပးမယ္႔၊ transformer - rectifier, anode, reference electrodes နဲ႔ dielectric shield တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ dielectric shield ဟာ anode နဲ႔ hull plate တို႔ကို၊ short current အေနနဲ႔စီးဆင္း မသြားေစရန္ တားဆီးေပးပါတယ္။ အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ vulnerable material ဆိုတဲ႔ anodes ေတြဟာ၊ corrosion resistance ရိွတဲ႔၊ anodes ေတြၿဖစ္သလို၊ low resistance current flow anodes ေတြလည္း ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ICCP anodes ေတြ အၿဖစ္၊ solid platinum anodes, platinum coated titanium anodes နဲ႔ platinized niobium anodes ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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ICCP system ဟာ၊ power supply operating range ေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ protective current ပမာဏအမၽားအၿပားကို ထုတ္ေပးနိဳင္သလို၊ anodes အသစ္ေတြနဲ႔ လွဲလွယ္ အစားထိုးရန္၊ မလိုအပ္တဲ႔ protection system လည္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ anode အရည္အတြက္အနည္းငယ္သာ အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ အတြက္၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ hull drag နဲ႔ fuel consumption မွာ၊ အေၿပာင္းအလဲမရိွေတာ႔ေပမယ္႔၊ စတင္တတ္ဆင္တဲ႔အခါ၊ initial cost ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔ corrosion protection system လည္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Propeller shaft earthing system' -</b></span> cooled region ဆိုတဲ႔၊ အေအးပိုင္းေဒသေတြ အပါအဝင္ ေနရာအနံွ႔သြားလာရန္၊ ရည္ရြယ္ တည္ေဆာက္ထားတဲ႔ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ၊ inboard stern tube bearing cooling system အတြက္၊ sea water အသံုးမၿပဳပဲ၊ lubricating oil ကိုသာ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ stern tube bearing lubricating oil ဟာ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ hull နဲ႔ propeller shaft အႀကားမွာ၊ electrical insulator အေနနဲ႔ တည္ရိွေနပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ inboard နဲ႔ outboard stern tube bearings ေတြဟာ၊ non-metallic bearings ေတြၿဖစ္ခဲ႔လၽွင္ hull နဲ႔ propeller shaft ႀကားမွာ၊ insulator အေနနဲ႔ ရိွေနမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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propeller shaft လည္ပတ္မွဳေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ static electricity
ေႀကာင္႔၊ hull နဲ႔ propeller ႀကားမွာ၊ electrical potential
ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ hull နဲ႔ propeller blade, propeller boss နဲ႔ propeller
shaft/ tail shaft metal ေတြကို corrosion ၿဖစ္ေစနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ propeller
လည္ပတ္မွဳမွ တဆင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔၊ cavitation ေႀကာင္႔၊ propeller blade
ေတြနဲ႔ propeller boss ေတြပၽက္စီးသလို၊ hull နဲ႔ propeller ႀကားမွ၊
electrical potential ေႀကာင္႔လည္း propeller blades နဲ႔ boss မွာ corrosion
ၿဖစ္ေပါါကာ ပၽက္စီးနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><i>Fig.</i></span> (A) -</b> without shaft earthing system and <b>(B) -</b> correctly sized and fitted shaft earthing system</div>
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အေႀကာင္းတခုခုေႀကာင္႔ stern tube bearing seal damage ၿဖစ္ကာ၊ lubricating oil နဲ႔ ပင္လယ္ေရ ေရာေနွာသြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ shaft နဲ႔ hull ႀကားမွာ၊ ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔ heavy current flow ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္သလို၊ current flow ေႀကာင္႔ bearing မွာ နက္ရိွဳင္းတဲ႔ deep pitting ေတြေပါါေပါက္တတ္ပါတယ္။ main engine နဲ႕ intermediate shaft ရဲ႕ plumber block bearings ေတြ၊ excessive wear ၿဖစ္ေနခဲ႔လၽွင္လည္း၊ heavy current flow ေပါါေပါက္ကာ၊ အခန္႔မသင္႔လၽွင္ spark erosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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hull နဲ႔ propeller shaft ႀကားမွာ၊ lubricating oil ဟာ၊ insulation အေနနဲ႔ ရိွေနတဲ႔အခါ၊ 'Sacrificial Anode Protection System' နဲ႔ 'Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System' ေတြကို တတ္ဆင္ထားေပမယ္႔၊ corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳအား၊ မတားဆီးနိဳင္တာေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ propeller shaft လည္ပတ္မွဳေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ static electricity ဟာ၊ hull နဲ႔ propeller ႀကားမွာ၊ electrical potential အေနနဲ႔ ရိွေနတဲ႔အတြက္၊ current ကို hull သို႔စီးဆင္းေစၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ corrosion အားေလၽွာ႔ခၽနိဳင္ရန္နဲ႔ spark erosion ကိုတားဆီးရန္အတြက္၊ 'Propeller shaft earthing device' ကို မရိွမၿဖစ္တတ္ဆင္ဖို႔ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Marine growth prevention system' -</b></span> marine growth ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ mollusks, barnacles, mussels, algae နဲ႔ slime အစရိွတဲ႔၊ အဏၰဝါဇီဝသက္ရိွေတြဟာ၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ sea water system အတြင္းမွ၊ temperature, nutrients, pH factor အစရိွတဲ႔၊ environmental conditions ေတြေကာင္းမြန္မယ္႔ ေနရာေတြကိုေရြးခၽယ္ၿပီး တြယ္ကပ္ႀကပါတယ္။ တြယ္ကပ္ၿပီးတာနဲ႔ ခၽက္ၿခင္းမၽိဳးပြား ေပါက္ဖြားလာႀကၿပီး၊ fouling အေနနဲ႔ ဖြဲ႔တည္ကာ၊ sea water flow ကို၊ turbulence ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစသလို၊ block အေနနဲ႔ ပိတ္ဆို႔ၿပီး၊ coolers ေတြရဲ႕ heat transfer efficiency ကိုပါ ကၽဆင္းေစပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Marine growth</div>
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marine growth ေတြကို၊ hard marine growth နဲ႔ soft marine growth
ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ mollusks, barnacles, tubeworms, အခၽိဳ႕ algae
ေတြနဲ႔ mussels အစရိွတဲ႔၊ အဏၰဝါဇီဝသက္ရိွေတြကို၊ hard marine growth အၿဖစ္
သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ၿပီး၊ အခၽိဳ႕ algae ေတြနဲ႔ anemones, hydroid sponges နဲ႔
slime အစရိွတဲ႔ အဏၰဝါဇီဝသက္ရိွေတြကိုေတာ႔ soft marine growth
အၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> <b>(A)</b> Macro-fouling and <b>(B) -</b> Macro-fouling </div>
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hard marine growth ေတြေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔
fouling ကို၊ 'Macro-fouling' လို႔ေခါါၿပီး၊ soft marine growth
ေတြေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ fouling ကိုေတာ႔ 'Micro-fouling' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။
သေဘ္ာေတြရဲ႕ sea water system မွာ macro-fouling နဲ႔ micro-fouling (၂)
မၽိဳးလံုးၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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marine growth ေတြေႀကာင္႔ sea water system မွာ corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ 'micro-biological corrosion' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ sea water system ရဲ႕ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ sea chest housing နဲ႔ cooler covers ေတြမွာေတာ႔၊ sacrificial anodes ေတြတတ္ဆင္ကာ၊ electrochemical reactions အေနနဲ႔ ေပါါေပါက္လာမယ္႔ corrosion ကိုေလၽွာ႔ခၽႀကပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ sea water system ရဲ႕ pipe lines ေတြမွာ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာမယ္႔ fouling ကိုေလၽွာ႔ခၽရန္၊ vulnerable material ကို anode အၿဖစ္၊ တတ္ဆင္ကာ၊ current ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔ စနစ္ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳလာႀကၿပီး၊ MGPS သို႔မဟုတ္ 'marine growth prevention system' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ MGPS ကို Electrolytic action MGPS နဲ႔ Sodium Hypochloride action MGPS အၿဖစ္၊ ခြဲၿခားအသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Electrolytic action MGPS' -</span>
copper နဲ႔ aluminum တို႔ကို anodes အၿဖစ္၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွသလို၊ soft
iron သို႔မဟုတ္ 'သံ' ပါတဲ႔ ferrous anodes ေတြကိုလည္း၊ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ anodes
ေတြကို၊ sea chest နဲ႔ strainer housing အဝင္ဖက္မွာ တတ္ဆင္ကာ၊ ၿပင္ပမွ DC
current ကို၊ anodes မၽားအတြင္းသို႔ ေပးသြင္းပါတယ္။ anodes ေတြကို၊ current
ေပးသြင္းလိုက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ ions နဲ႔ 'floc' ဆိုတဲ႔ 'flocculent mass' ေတြထြက္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ sea water နဲ႔အတူ
piping system တေလၽွာက္လံုးသို႔ ေရာက္ရိွသြားကာ၊
အဏၰဝါဇီဝသက္ရိွေတြ မေနနိုင္တဲ႔၊ environmental conditions
အေၿခအေနမၽိဳးကိို၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Electrolytic action MGPS </div>
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copper မွထုတ္ေပးတဲ႔ ions ေတြဟာ၊ ပမာဏအားၿဖင္႔
အလြန္႔လြန္ နည္းပါးပါတယ္။ electrolytic action ေႀကာင္႔ ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔
aluminum hydroxide floc ေတြ ကလည္း၊ piping system အတြင္းမွာ protective film အေနနဲ႔
အလြွာပါးေလး တခုအၿဖစ္ ဖြဲ႔တည္ၿပီး၊ corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳအား၊
တားဆီးေပးပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ အခၽိဳ႕ေသာ အဏၰဝါဇီဝသက္ရိွ marine growth ေတြဟာ၊ အလင္းေရာင္နဲ႔ oxygen လံုးဝ မရရိွတဲ႔ ေနရာေတြ မွာလည္း၊ ေနထိုင္ အသက္ရွင္နိဳင္ေပမယ္႔ 'floc' ဆိုတဲ႔ 'flocculent mass' မွ၊ ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ emulsion ေတြနဲ႔ ထိခိုက္မိၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔၊ အသက္ရွင္ေနထိုင္နိဳင္မွဳ life span သက္တမ္း၊ တိုေတာင္းသြားၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Sodium Hypochloride action MGPS' -</span> Electrolytic action MGPS သို႔မဟုတ္ vulnerable material ကို၊ anode အၿဖစ္တတ္ဆင္ၿပီး current ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔စနစ္ဟာ၊ Macro-fouling ကိုသာေလၽွာ႔ခၽနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ macro-fouling နဲ႔ micro-fouling (၂) မၽိဳးလံုး ကို၊ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽရန္၊ 'sodium hypochlorite' ဆိုတဲ႔ NaOCl ကို၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ sea water system အတြင္းသို႔၊ anti-fouling agent အၿဖစ္ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔ Sodium Hypochloride action MGPS ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳလာႀကပါတယ္။ </div>
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ပင္လယ္ေရမွာပါဝင္ေနတဲ႔ ဆားဓါတ္လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ sodium chloride (NaCl) ဟာ၊
generating chamber ထဲမွ၊ anode နဲ႔ cathode ဆိုတဲ႔၊ electrodes (၂)
ခုနဲ႔ ထိေတြ႔ရာမွ၊ electrolysis action ေပါါေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ anti-fouling
process ကိုၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ chamber ဟာ၊ cathode ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ anode အေနနဲ႔
vulnerable material တခုခုအား၊ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b> Fig.</b></i></span> Sodium Hypochloride action MGPS</div>
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generating chamber ထဲမွာ၊ anode မရိွတဲ႔အခါ၊ chemical and electrochemical reactions အေနနဲ႔ chlorine မွာ၊ '2 Cl ⇔ Cl₂ + 2e-' ဆိုၿပီး ၿဖစ္ေပါါပါတယ္။ cathode မွာေတာ႔၊ ပင္လယ္ေရမွ OH-ions ေတြဟာ၊ '2 H2O + 2e- ⇔ 2 OH- + H3' ဆိုၿပီးၿဖစ္ေပါါပါတယ္။ generating chamber ထဲမွာ၊ anode ရိွတဲ႔အခါ၊ OH- ions နဲ႔ Na+ ions တို႔ဟာ၊ Cl2 ဆိုတဲ႔ Chlorine နဲ႔ေပါင္းစပ္ၿပီး၊ '2 NaOH + Cl₂ ⇔ NaOCl + NaCl + H2O' ဆိုတဲ႔၊ equation အရ၊ sodium hypochlorite ကိုထုတ္ေပးပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ sea water မွာ၊ calcium နဲ႔ magnesium ေတြပါလာခဲ႔ရင္၊ secondary reaction အေနနဲ႔ generating chamber ထဲမွာ sodium hydrates နဲ႔ sodium carbonates ေတြၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ </div>
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generating chamber ထဲမွ၊ sodium hypochlorite solution ေတြကို၊ sea chests မွာရိွတဲ႔၊ chlorine injection points ေတြအထိ ေရာက္ေအာင္၊ ေပးပို႔လိုက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ sea chest မွ ဝင္လာမယ္႔ ပင္လယ္ေရနဲ ႔ အတူ၊ sea water system အတြင္းသို႔ ေရာက္ရိွသြားပါတယ္။ chlorine-active sea water system ၿဖင္႔ ထိေတြတဲ႔အခါ mussels ကဲ႔သို႔၊ အခံြပါတဲ႔ အဏၰဝါဇီဝသက္ရိွေတြကေတာ႔၊ အခံြကိုပိတ္ကာ ကာကြယ္နိဳင္ေပမယ္႔၊ sea water system ဟာ၊ chlorine-active ၿဖစ္ေနတဲ႔အခါ၊ ရည္ရွည္မွာ တြယ္ကပ္နိဳင္ၿခင္းမရိွေတာ႔သလို၊ chlorine ဟာ၊ toxicant လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ အဆိပ္အေတာက္တမၽိဳးၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ sea water system အတြင္း၊ 0.2 ~ 0.5 ppm ပမာဏခန္႔ continuous chlorination အေနနဲ႔ရိွေနခဲ႔ရင္၊ marine growth ေတြဟာ fouling အေနနဲ႔ တြယ္ကပ္မေနနိဳင္ေတာ႔တာ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Reference and image credit to :</b></i></span> D. Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, Prentice Hall, New Jersey (1996), http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/, http://blog.marport.com/, http://www.alvimcleantech.com/, http://itars.com.br/conteudo/biofouling.htm, http://www.nstcenter.com/, http://www.iccp-mgps.com/, http://www.farwestcorrosion.com, http://www.incorr.com.sg/, http://naval-architect-jobs.blogspot.com/, http://www.seafresh.co.uk/, http://www.nstcenter.com/, http://www.incorr.com.sg, http://www.iccp-mgps.com, http://www.amteccorrosion.co.uk/, http://www.mechanical-writings.com/, http://www.electrochemlab.com/, http://alliedreliabilityblog.com/, http://www.asminternational.org/, http://www.stoprust.com/, http://masteel.co.uk/, http://www.cathelco.com/</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Remark :</b></i></span> All images herein this website are for use of educational purpose only. The owner of this web site is not responsible for the consequences in case of violation to copyright, trademark, patent or other intellectual property rights of any third party. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-4338943601703974782013-05-30T02:33:00.001-07:002013-05-30T13:32:35.798-07:00"Oil Fired Drum Type Water Tube Boiler Automatic Control System"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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ေယဘုယၽအားၿဖင္႔ boiler ရဲ႕ automatic control system မွာ၊ water level control, alarm & monitoring system, steam pressure automatic control system, burner control system နဲ႔ safety system တို႔ပါဝင္ၿပီး၊ ပံုမွန္ အသံုးၿပဳေနကၽ typical application အေနနဲ႔ pneumatic နဲ႔ electrical devices ေတြကို primary devices အၿဖစ္၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ boiler ကဲ႔သို႔ closed pressurized vessel ထဲမွ ‘non - volatile fluid’ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ 'ေရ' ရဲ႕ water level control & monitoring system အတြက္ differential pressure transmitter ေတြကိုအသံုးၿပဳၿခင္းဟာ၊ အသင္႔ေလၽွာ္ဆံုး ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ boiler ေတြမွာ differential pressure transmitter ေတြအၿဖစ္၊ 'pneumatic differential pressure transmitter' နဲ႔ 'electrical differential pressure transmitter' ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Pneumatic differential pressure transmitter'</b></span> - boiler drum ရဲ႕ water level မွ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ differential pressure ကို pneumatic signal အၿဖစ္ ေၿပာင္းလဲၿပီး၊ (0. 2 ~ 1 kg/ cm<sup>2</sup> or 0 ~ 1. 4 kg/ cm<sup>2</sup>) pressure input signal အေနနဲ႔၊ level controller နဲ႔ alarm & monitoring system သို႔ေပးသြင္းပါတယ္။ pneumatic transmitter ေတြဟာ၊ differential pressure measuring device ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္ 'pneumatic DP cell' လို႔လည္းေခါါပါတယ္။<br />
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pneumatic differential pressure transmitter ေတြဟာ သေဘ္ာမွ၊ control air maximum (7. 0 kg/ cm<sup>2</sup>) pressure ပမာဏကို၊ air media အၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳထားပါတယ္။ control air ကို transmitter အတြင္းရိွ၊ pressure regulator မွတဆင္႔ maximum (1. 4 kg / cm<sup>2</sup>) သို႔မဟုတ္ ( 20 psi) pressure အထိ ထပ္မံေလၽွာ႔ခၽၿပီး၊ pneumatic input signal အေနနဲ႔ ေၿပာင္းလဲလိုက္ပါတယ္။ transmitter ရဲ႕ pneumatic output signal ကေတာ႔ (0. 2 kg/ cm<sup>2</sup> ~ 1. 05 kg/ cm<sup>2</sup> ) သို႔မဟုတ္ (3 ~ 15 psi) pressure ပမာဏခန္႔ရိွပါတယ္။</div>
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pneumatic differential
pressure transmitter အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ differential pressure measuring
system ကို၊ "wet leg" system လို႔လည္း၊ ေခါါႀကပါတယ္။ 'ေရ' ကို non - volatile fluid
အေနနဲ႔ ၿဖည္႔သြင္းထားၿပီး၊ impulse pipes လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ tube အေသးေလးေတြကို၊
အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ transmitter ရဲ႕တဖက္ကို၊ steam ရိွေနမယ္႔ boiler drum ရဲ႕
upper section တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ 'negative measuring point' ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ highest
water level ရဲ႕ အထက္ေနရာနဲ႔ ဆက္သြယ္ၿပီး၊ transmitter ရဲ႕
အၿခားတဖက္ကိုေတာ႔ 'ေရ' ရိွေနမယ္႔ 'positive measuring point' ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ lowest
water level ရဲ႕ ေအာက္ေနရာနဲ႔ ဆက္သြယ္ထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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boiler drum ရဲ႕ upper section ဟာ၊ water level အၿမဲေၿပာင္းလဲေနမယ္႔ 'vary head' ေနရာၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ lowest water level ကေတာ႔ water level တသမတ္တည္း ရိွေနမယ္႔ 'constant head' ေနရာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ boiler drum မွ၊ negative measuring point ၿဖင္႔ ဆက္သြယ္ထားတဲ႔ေနရာဟာ၊ transmitter ရဲ႕ low pressure side ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ positive measuring point ၿဖင္႔ ဆက္သြယ္ထားတဲ႔ ေနရာကေတာ႔၊ transmitter ရဲ႕ high pressure side ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Force - balanced type basic pneumatic differential pressure transmitter</div>
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transmitter ရဲ႕ low pressure side နဲ႔ high pressure side တို႔မွာ၊ liquid filled diaphragm capsules ေလးေတြ ထည္႔သြင္းတတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ negative measuring point မွ fluid ဟာ၊ low pressure side သို႔စီးဝင္ၿပီး၊ low pressure diaphragm capsule အားေရြွ႕လၽွားေစသလို၊ positive measuring point မွ fluid ဟာလည္း၊ high pressure side သို႔စီးဝင္ကာ၊ high pressure diaphragm capsule ကို၊ ေရြွ႕လၽွားေစပါတယ္။ liquid filled diaphragm capsules ေတြရဲ႕ ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳမွတဆင္႔ force bar မွာ movement ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ force bar ေရြွ႕လၽွားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳဆိုတဲ႔ movement ေ ႀကာင္႔၊ nozzle နဲ႔ flapper ႀကားမွ၊ cavity ဧရိယာမွာ အေၿပာင္းအလဲ၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။<br />
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pneumatic input signal ဟာ nozzle ရဲ႕ cavity ဧရိယာမွတဆင္႔ ထြက္ေပါါေနၿပီး၊ nozzle gap ေသးငယ္သြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ nozzle မွ ထြက္ေနတဲ႔ 'ေလ' ရဲ႕ pressure ၿမင္႔တက္လာသလို၊ feed back bellow ကိုလည္း ေရြွ႕လၽွားေစပါတယ္။ feed back bellow ေရြွ႕လၽွားမွဳေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ pressure ဟာ differential pressure ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ pneumatic relay မွ output signal အၿဖစ္ထုတ္ေပးပါတယ္။ <br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Boiler Automatic Control System with pneumatic DP cell</div>
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boiler drum ရဲ႕ level sight glass မွာ 'ေရ' ပမာဏ (0 %) သာရိွစဥ္၊ transmitter မွ (0. 2 kg/ cm<sup>2</sup>) သို႔မဟုတ္ (3 psi) pressure output signal ကိုထုတ္ေပးမွာၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ boiler drum ရဲ႕ level sight glass မွာ 'ေရ' ပမာဏ (100 %) ရိွတဲ႔အခါ (1. 05 kg/ cm<sup>2</sup>) သို႔မဟုတ္ (15 psi) pressure output ထုတ္ေပးပါတယ္။ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ pneumatic output signal ကို၊ pressure switch ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ boiler drum water high level alarm switch, boiler drum water low level alarm switch, boiler drum water low-low level alarm switch တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ burner cut-out switch တို႔ကိုေပးပို႔သလို၊ control room မွ၊ boiler drum water level monitoring unit/ indicator unit သို႔လည္း ေပးပို႔ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ pneumatic output signal ကို၊ level controller သို႔ input signal အၿဖစ္ေပးပို႔ၿပီး၊ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ signal ကို level controller မွာ၊ amplify အေနနဲ႔ ခၽဲ႕ယူကာ၊ reference signal အေနနဲ႔ boiler feed water regulator သို႔ ထပ္မံေပးပို႔ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Electrical differential pressure transmitter' </b>-</span> ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာေတာ႔ pneumatic differential pressure transmitter DP cell ေတြအစား၊ electrical devices ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ electrical differential pressure transmitter DP cell ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳလာႀကပါတယ္။ differential pressure measuring device ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ electrical differential pressure transmitter DP cell ေတြကို၊ capacitance based DP cell, strain - gauge based DP cell နဲ႔ potentio-metric based DP cell ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္သလို၊ boiler ေတြရဲ႕ automatic control system မွာ၊ capacitance based DP cell ေတြကို၊ တတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> capacitance based DP cell </div>
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capacitance based DP cell ဟာ၊ electrical capacitance device တခုၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ dielectric oil အတြင္းနွစ္ထားတဲ႔၊ metal သို႔မဟုတ္ metal - coated quartz diaphragm ေတြပါကို၊ ထည္႔သြင္းတတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ diaphragm metal အၿဖစ္၊ stainless steel material ကိုအသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွၿပီး၊ corrosive ၿဖစ္လြယ္တဲ႔ applications ေတြ မွာေတာ႔၊ high-nickel steel alloys ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ 'inconel' ဒါမွမဟုတ္၊ 'hastelloy' တို႔ကို အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ chlorine, fluorine နဲ႔ halogens ကဲ႔သို႔၊ gas applications ေတြအတြက္၊ silver diaphragms ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ </div>
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pneumatic DP cell ကဲ႔သို႔၊ capacitance based DP cell ရဲ႕တဖက္ကို၊ steam ရိွေနမယ္႔ boiler drum ရဲ႕ upper section တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ negative measuring point ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ highest water level ရဲ႕ အထက္ေနရာနဲ႔ ဆက္သြယ္ၿပီး၊ transmitter ရဲ႕ အၿခားတဖက္ကိုေတာ႔ 'ေရ' ရိွေနမယ္႔ positive measuring point ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ lowest water level ရဲ႕ ေအာက္ေနရာနဲ႔ ဆက္သြယ္ထားပါတယ္။ boiler drum မွ၊ negative measuring point ၿဖင္႔ ဆက္သြယ္ထားတဲ႔ေနရာဟာ၊ transmitter ရဲ႕ low pressure side ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ positive measuring point ၿဖင္႔ ဆက္သြယ္ထားတဲ႔ ေနရာကေတာ႔၊ transmitter ရဲ႕ high pressure side ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> DP cell installation </div>
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cell အတြင္းသို႔ ဝင္ေရာက္လာတဲ႔၊ pressure (၂) ခုတို႔ဟာ၊ မတူညီတဲ႔အတြက္၊ pressure difference ဆိုတဲ႔ differential pressure ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ diaphragm မွာ ေရြွ႕လၽားမွဳ movement ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ DP cell သို႔၊ power supply ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔အခါ၊ diaphragm movement ေႀကာင္႔ plates ေတြမွာ capacitance တန္ဘိုး အေၿပာင္းအလဲၿဖစ္ေပါါၿပီး၊ electrical output signal ကို ရရိွလာပါတယ္။ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ output ဟာ (4 ~ 20 mA) current signal ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ (1 ~ 5V) voltage signal သို႔ေၿပာင္းလဲယူပါတယ္။ capacitance based DP cell ေတြကို၊ single plate capacitor နဲ႔ two-plate capacitor DP cell ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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single plate capacitor DP cell မွာ၊ stationary plate ကို diaphragm ရဲ႕
အေနာက္ဖက္မွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ diaphragm ရဲ႕ movement လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ diaphragm
deflection ေႀကာင္႔ diaphragm နဲ႔ stationary plate ႀကားမွာ၊ variable
capacitance တန္ဘိုးတခု ရရိွလာပါတယ္။ variable capacitance ဆိုတဲ႔၊
capacitance တန္ဘိုးအေၿပာင္းအလဲကို၊ stationary plate မွရယူၿပီး၊ DC
current သို႔မဟုတ္ voltage signal အၿဖစ္ေၿပာင္းလဲကာ၊ panel meters
သို႔မဟုတ္ microprocessor - based input/ output boards ေတြကိုေပးပို႔ၿပီး၊
ဖတ္ယူပါတယ္။</div>
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two-plate capacitor DP cell မွာေတာ႔၊ stationary plate (၂) ခုႀကားမွာ၊
diaphragm တတ္ဆင္ထားၿပီး၊ high-frequency နဲ႔ high-voltage oscillator
တို႔မွတဆင္႔၊ stationary plates ေတြကို၊ charge လုပ္ပါတယ္။ diaphragm
deflection ေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔၊ capacitance တန္ဘိုး အေၿပာင္းအလဲကို၊
bridge circuit မွလက္ခံရယူပါတယ္။ bridge circuit မွာ balanced နဲ႔ unbalanced mode တို႔ပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<img alt="" border="0" height="285" src="http://img814.imageshack.us/img814/5889/60561529.jpg" width="400" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> DP cell with micro capacitance silicon sensor</div>
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balanced
mode ဟာ၊ differential pressure ကို၊ တိုင္းယူၿပီး၊ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ output တန္ဘိုးအား <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparator" target="_blank">null detector</a></b>
လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ comparator သို႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ေပးပို႔သလို၊၊ bridge circuit
ကို၊ null ဆိုတဲ႔ no value အေနအထားမွာ ရိွေနေစပါတယ္။ unbalanced mode
မွာေတာ႔၊ differential pressure ေႀကာင္႔ရရိွလာတဲ႔ output voltage
တန္ဘိုးကို၊ excitation voltage နဲ႔ နိွဳင္းယွဥ္ၿပီးမွ၊ pressure
measurement ratio အၿဖစ္၊ ေပးပို႔ပါတယ္။ static pressure, over pressure နဲ႔ temperature effects တို႔ေႀကာင္႔၊ DP
cell ရဲ႕ characteristics ေတြ၊ ထိခိုက္နိဳင္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ 'stability' နဲ႔ 'reliability' ေကာင္းမြန္ေစရန္၊ 'micro capacitance silicon sensor' ေတြကို၊
measuring cell ရဲ႕ neck မွာထည္႔သြင္း တတ္ဆင္လာတာေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ </div>
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<img class="CSS_LIGHTBOX_SCALED_IMAGE_IMG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8U4Pj-uVgJ4RfAtfvufedXnX3TwtexcFEGTpvPICIDX-35Kxl7iWfq3_UJW2RmGp1WsLyrOVjV8kBp97KbbBVrhacSeQt-APfbaYy4p8FsEhlsOtM4WZVQX1HsPuAj2rzxfluD2vYJAMV/s1600/%25E4%25BA%25A7%25E5%2593%25813.jpg" /> </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Boiler Automatic Control System with electrical DP cell</div>
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pneumatic pressure transmitter အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ boiler automatic control system ကဲ႔သို႔၊ electrical DP cell မွ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ electrical output signal ကို၊ pressure switch ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ boiler drum water high level alarm switch, boiler drum water low level alarm switch, boiler drum water low-low level alarm switch တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ burner cut-out switch တို႔ကိုေပးပို႔သလို၊ control room မွ၊ boiler drum water level monitoring unit/ indicator unit သို႔လည္း ေပးပို႔ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ electrical output signal ကို၊ level controller သို႔ input signal အၿဖစ္ေပးပို႔ၿပီး၊ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ signal ကို level controller မွာ၊ amplify အေနနဲ႔ ခၽဲ႕ယူကာ၊ reference signal အေနနဲ႔ boiler feed water regulator သို႔ ထပ္မံေပးပို႔ပါတယ္။<br />
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ဒါ႔အၿပင္ boiler ရဲ႕ drum water level တိုင္းတာရာမွာ pneumatic နဲ႔ electrical DP cell ေတြအစား၊ magnetic float ေတြနဲ႔ conductivity သို႔မဟုတ္ capacitance probes ေတြကိုလည္း အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ magnetic float ေတြနဲ႔ conductivity သို႔မဟုတ္ capacitance probes ေတြဟာ၊ water level control နဲ႔ alarm system အတြက္သာ အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ၿပီး၊ monitoring system, steam pressure automatic control system, burner control system နဲ႔ safety system တို႔အတြက္၊ အသံုးမၿပဳနိဳင္တာ၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>'Magnetic floats' -</b></span> ေတြကို၊ magnetic level controller အၿဖစ္၊ chamber အတြင္းမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ေလ့ရိွသလို၊ boiler shell အတြင္းသို႔ ထည္႔သြင္းၿပီး direct mounted အေနနဲ႔လည္း၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ float ဟာ boiler ရဲ႕ drum water level အေၿပာင္းအလဲေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ လိုက္ပါေရြွ႕လၽားေနမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Magnetic level controller in a chamber</span></div>
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<span class="figure">float ရဲ႕ level signal output အတြက္၊ mercury type သို႔မဟုတ္ 'air-break' type magnetically operated switches ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွသလို၊ magnet attached float ရဲ႕ ေရြွ႕လၽွားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳ movement မွတဆင္႔ inductive coil မွာၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတဲ႔ modulating signal ကိုလည္း၊ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ float မွ တဆင္႔ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ level signal output ကို၊ relay သို႔ေပးသြင္းၿပီး၊ alarm system နဲ႔ On / Off control system အေနနဲ႔ boiler feed water pump အား၊ အလိုအေလၽွာက္ ေမာင္းနွင္ရန္ အသံုးၿပဳသလို၊ modulating level control system အၿဖစ္၊ boiler automatic feed water regulating valve ရဲ႕ opened/ closed operation အတြက္ အသံုးၿပဳၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ float ေတြဟာ၊ 'ေရ' နဲ႔ အၿမဲ ထိေတြ႔ေနရတဲ႔အတြက္၊ ပၽက္စီးမွဳ အနည္းနဲ႔ အမၽား ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္တာကိုလည္း၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။</span></div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><b>'Conductivity probes' -</b></span> ေတြကို၊ single tip နဲ႔ two tip probes ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ insulation ဖံုးအုပ္ထားတဲ႔ metal rod အတြင္း၊ low voltage ၿဖတ္စီးစဥ္၊ ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ current တန္ဖိုး၊ အေၿပာင္းအလဲ မွတဆင္႔၊ boiler ရဲ႕ drum water level အား၊ တိုင္းတာၿခင္းၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ smooth insulating material အၿဖစ္၊ 'teflon' တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ PTFE ဆိုတဲ႔ 'poly - tetrafluoroethylene' ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳထားပါတယ္။ </span></div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> <b>(A)</b> - Conductivity probes arranged to switch a feed-pump on and off - two tip, <b>(B)</b> Conductivity probe in a closed top tank </span></div>
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<span class="figure">probe ဟာ ေရထဲမွာ immersed အေနနဲ႔ နစ္ၿမဳတ္ကာ၊ ထိေတြ႔ေနစဥ္ circuit အတြင္း၊ current ၿဖတ္စီးကာ၊ lifted out of the water အေနနဲ႔ ေရနဲ႔ မထိေတြ႔တဲ႔ အခါမွာေတာ႔၊ current ၿဖတ္စီးၿခင္းမရိွတာကို၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ prob မွ တဆင္႔ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ level signal output ကို၊ relay သို႔ေပးသြင္းၿပီး၊ alarm system နဲ႔ On / Off control system အေနနဲ႔ boiler feed water pump အား၊ အလိုအေလၽွာက္ ေမာင္းနွင္ရန္ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ drum water အတြင္းေရာေနွာ ပါဝင္ေနတဲ႔ dirt ေတြနဲ႔ impurities ေတြဟာ၊ probe ရဲ႕ insulator အေပါါ ကပ္ၿငိရာမွတဆင္႔၊ drum water level တိုင္းတာရာမွာ၊ malfunctions အေနနဲ႔ အမွားအယြင္းေတြ၊ ေပါါေပါက္တတ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္၊ electrical conductivity operated အေနနဲ႔ ေဆာင္ရြက္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ conductivity အေနနဲ႔ 5 µ Siemens / cm ပမာဏထက္နည္းတဲ႔၊ very pure water တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ 'ေရ'သန္႔မွာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳလို႔ မရတာကိုလည္း၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။</span></div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><b>'Capacitance probes' -</b></span> cylindrical probe ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ dielectric material ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ PTFE ဆိုတဲ႔ 'poly - tetrafluoroethylene' ကို၊ conducting တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ first capacitor plate အၿဖစ္အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ boiler shell ကိုေတာ႔ chamber wall တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ second capacitor plate အၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳထားပါတယ္။ boiler ရဲ႕ drum water level အေၿပာင္းအလဲေႀကာင္႔ second capacitor plate ရဲ႕ ဧရိယာမွာ၊ အေၿပာင္းအလဲ၊ ေပါါေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ overall capacitance တန္ဘိုးလည္း၊ လိုက္ပါေၿပာင္းလဲသြားပါတယ္။ total capacitance ဆိုတာကေတာ႔ capacitance above the liquid surface ဆိုတဲ႔ boiler ရဲ႕ drum water level အေပါါမွ capacitance တန္ဘိုး '</span><span class="figure"><b>C<sub>A</sub></b>' နဲ႔ capacitance below the liquid surface ဆိုတဲ႔ boiler ရဲ႕ drum water level ေအာက္မွ၊ capacitance '</span><span class="figure"><b>C<sub>B</sub></b>' တန္ဘိုး တု႔ိရဲ႕ ေပါင္းလဒ္ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</span></div>
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<span class="figure"><i><span style="color: blue;"><b>Fig.</b></span></i> Capacitance probe</span></div>
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<span class="figure">ေၿပာင္းလဲသြားတဲ႔ overall capacitance တန္ဘိုးဟာ၊ အလြန္ေသးငယ္ၿပီး pico farads လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ </span><span class="figure">10<sup><b>-</b>12</sup> farads ပမာဏခန္႔သာရိွတဲ႔အတြက္၊ conjunction အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ output signal အၿဖစ္၊ amplifier circuit သုိုုု႔ ေပးသြင္းပါတယ္။ amplifier circuit မွရရိွလာတဲ႔ output signal ကိုေတာ႔ relay သို႔ေပးသြင္းၿပီး၊ alarm system နဲ႔ On / Off control system အေနနဲ႔ boiler feed water pump အား၊ အလိုအေလၽွာက္ ေမာင္းနွင္ရန္ အသံုးၿပဳသလို၊ modulating level control system အၿဖစ္လည္း၊ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ conductivity probes ေတြကဲ႔သို႔၊ drum water အတြင္းေရာေနွာ ပါဝင္ေနတဲ႔ dirt ေတြနဲ႔ impurities ေတြဟာ၊ capacitance probe ရဲ႕ conducting plate အေပါါကပ္ၿငိရာမွတဆင္႔၊ drum water level တိုင္းတာရာမွာ၊ malfunctions အေနနဲ႔ အမွားအယြင္းေတြ၊ ေပါါေပါက္တတ္ပါတယ္။</span></div>
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<span class="figure"><span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><b>'Boiler safety system' -</b></span> </span>boiler ရဲ႕ automatic control system မွ၊ water level control, alarm & monitoring system, steam pressure automatic control system, burner control system နဲ႔ safety system တို႔ဟာ၊ တခုနဲ႔တခု ဆက္သြယ္ေနပါတယ္။ burner ရဲ႕ pre - purging period, ignition period, operating period နဲ႔ post - purging period ဆိုတဲ႔ operation sequence ေတြ တိကၽ မွန္ကန္မွသာ၊ ေဘးအနၱရာယ္ကင္းရွင္းၿပီး၊ boiler ရဲ႕ efficiency ကိုလည္း အၿပည္႔အဝ ရရိွနိဳင္မွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </span></div>
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<span class="figure">boiler safety system မွ routine start/ stop protection, fan motor & oil pump interlock protection, low/ high oil temperature, low oil pressure, high steam pressure, exhaust gas high temperature protection တို႔ကို၊ အေၿခခံ safety system ေတြအၿဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္နိုင္ပါတယ္။ low low/ lowest water level, missing fire & flame fault, manual emergency stop တို႔ကေတာ႔ မရိွမၿဖစ္၊ အေရးႀကီးတဲ႔ safety system ေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</span></div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig. </b></i></span>Burner control system and Boiler Safety system </span></div>
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<span class="figure">boiler ရဲ႕ drum water level alarm ကို low water level နဲ႔ low low water level သို႔မဟုတ္ lowest water level alarm ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားထားပါတယ္။ water drum အတြင္းသို႔၊ feed water pump မွ၊ 'ေရ' မေပးသြင္းနိဳင္တဲ႔အခါ၊ drum water ဟာ၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ level မွနိမ္႔ကၽဆင္းသြားၿပီး၊ low water level alarm အေနနဲ႔ activated ၿဖစ္ေပါါပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ boiler ကို၊ automatic control system တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ auto-mode ၿဖင္႔၊ ေမာင္းနွင္လည္ပတ္ေနပါက၊ low water level alarm activated ၿဖစ္စဥ္၊ safety system မွ fuel oil supply ကိုၿဖတ္ေတာက္ကာ၊ burner အားရပ္တန္႔လိုက္မွာ၊ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ low water level alarm activated ၿဖစ္စဥ္၊ manual mode ၿဖင္႔ burner အား manual mode ၿဖင္႔၊ ၿပန္လလည္ေမာင္းနွင္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ water drum အတြင္းမွ 'ေရ' ဟာ low water level ထက္ ပိုမိုနိမ္႔ကၽတဲ႔ low low water level သို႔မဟုတ္ lowest water level သို႔ ကၽဆင္းသြားကာ၊ lowest water level alarm activated ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတဲ႔ အခါမွာေတာ႔၊ manual mode ၿဖင္႔ပါေမာင္းနွင္၍မရေစရန္၊ safety system မွ၊ ၿဖတ္ေတာက္ထားပါတယ္။</span></div>
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<span class="figure">SOLAS Regulation - Part C : Machinery installations - Regulation 32 မွာ၊ boiler အတြက္ safety valve (၂) လံုး တတ္ဆင္ထားရမယ္လို႔ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ low water level အေၿခအေန၊ flame fault/ flame failure ေပါါေပါက္တဲ႔အေၿခအေနနဲ႔ အကယ္၍ boiler ရဲ႕ water level control, alarm & monitoring system, steam pressure automatic control system, burner control system နဲ႔ safety system တို႔အတြက္၊ pneumatic pressure transmitter အသံုးၿပဳထားပါက၊ air supply ၿပတ္ေတာက္သြားတဲ႔ အေၿခအေနေတြမွာ၊ alarm activated ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿပီး၊ fuel supply အား အလိုအေလၽွာက္ ၿဖတ္ေတာက္နိဳင္ရမယ္လို႔ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ </span></div>
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<span class="figure">propulsion အတြက္၊ steam အသံုးၿပဳမယ္ဆိုလၽွင္ boiler water drum high level alarm တတ္ဆင္ထားရန္လိုအပ္ၿပီး၊ boiler feed water system ဟာ၊ အေႀကာင္းတစံုတခုေႀကာင္႔ အသံုးမၿပဳနိဳင္ခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ မၿပတ္ေတာက္ေစရန္ အရံအၿဖစ္၊ ေနာက္ထပ္ boiler feed water system တစံုသီးသန္႔ တတ္ဆင္ထားရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ boiler မွာအသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ feed water quality ကိုလည္း၊ အၿမဲမၿပတ္ေစာင္႔ႀကည္႔စစ္ေဆးၿပီး၊ လိုအပ္သလို treatment ၿပဳလုပ္ေပးရန္ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ boiler water level ကို၊ gauge glass ေတြမွတဆင္႔ ဖတ္ရွဳနိဳင္ရမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ အနည္းဆံုး gauge glass (၂) စံု တတ္ဆင္ထားရန္၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတာကိုလည္း ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ </span></div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Reference and image credit to :</b></i></span> Steam Engineering Tutorials., </span></div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Remark :</b></i></span> All publications and images herein this website are for use of educational purpose only. The owner of this web site is not responsible for the consequences in case of violation to copyright, trademark, patent or other intellectual property rights of any third party. </span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-80647657213129270402013-05-25T21:24:00.000-07:002013-05-27T07:49:57.953-07:00"Oil Fired Drum Type Water Tube Boiler Mountings & Fittings"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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oil fired drum type water tube boiler ေတြမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္္ထားေလ့ရိွတဲ႔ mountings & fittings ေတြကေတာ႔ main steam stop valve, auxiliary steam stop valve, thermometer, pressure gauges, blow down valve, run down valve, chemical dosing valve, scum down valve, feed check valve, salino-meter, water level gauge glass နဲ႔ safety valve တို႔ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ regular inspection အေနနဲ႔ ပံုမွန္စစ္ေဆးၿခင္းကို၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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အေရးႀကီးတဲ႔ boiler mountings ေတြကေတာ႔၊ safety valves, main steam valve, auxiliary stem stop valve, feed check valve or control valve, water level gauges, pressure gauge & connections, air release cock, sampling connection, blow down valve, scum valve, whistle stop valve, automatic feed water regulator, low alarm level, high alarm level, super heater circulating valves နဲ႔ soot blowers တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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'safety valves ကို boiler ရဲ႕ body မွာ အစံုလိုက္ (၂) လံုး တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ boiler အတြင္း steam pressure ၿမင္႔တက္လာၿပီး၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ setting pressure သို႔ေရာက္ရိွတဲ႔အခါ၊ safety valve အလိုအေလၽွာက္ပြင္႔ကာ steam ကို boiler ရဲ႕ ၿပင္ပသို႔၊ စြန္႔ထုတ္ၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ pressure ကိုေလၽွာ႔ခၽပါတယ္။ လက္ေတြ႔မွာ steam pressure ကို (4. 8 kg/ cm<sup>2 </sup>~ 5. 2 kg/ cm<sup>2</sup>) ခန္႔၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ safety valve ရဲ႕ setting အား (7 kg/ cm<sup>2</sup>) ေလာက္မွာ ခၽိန္ညိွထားေလ႔<br />
ရိွႀကပါတယ္။ </div>
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'main steam valve' ကို 'main steam stop valve' လို႔လည္းေခါါၿပီး၊ non-return valve အမၽိဳးအစားၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ boiler နဲ႔ အနီးဆံုးေနရာ steam ထြက္လာရာ လမ္းေႀကာင္းမွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ non-return valve အမၽိဳးအစားၿဖစ္တဲ႔ 'auxiliary steam stop valve' ကေတာ႔၊ 'main steam valve' ရဲ႕ အရံ spare valve ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span class="figure">'feed check valve' ဟာ non-return valve အမၽိဳးအအစားၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ အစံုလိုက္ (၂) လံုး တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ တလံုးကို main valve အၿဖစ္၊ အသံုးၿပဳကာ အၿခားတလုံးကိုုေတာ႔ auxiliary သို႔မဟုတ္ stand by valve အေနနဲ႔၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ feed check valves ေတြဟာ၊ boiler အတြင္းသိုု႔ feed water ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔ valve ေတြၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ အဖြင္႔နဲ႔ အပိတ္ opened/ closed position အေနအအထားကို indicator ၿဖင္႔၊ ေဖာ္ၿပပါတယ္။ </span></div>
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<span class="figure">boiler drum အတြင္းမွ၊ 'ေရ' level အား၊ monitoring အၿဖစ္၊ ေဖာ္ၿပေပးမယ္႔ 'water level gauges' ေတြကိုလည္း၊ အစံုလိုက္ (၂) ခု တတ္ဆင္ထားသလို၊ boiler drum နဲ႔ super heater </span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">အတြင္း</span>မွ steam pressure ပမာဏကို၊ အလြယ္တကူ ဖတ္ရွဳနိဳင္ရန္ 'pressure gauges' ေတြကိုလည္း၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ </span><br />
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<span class="figure">'scum valve' ကေတာ႔ boiler drum အတြင္းမွ၊ 'ေရ' မၽက္နွာၿပင္ရဲ႕ အထက္မွာ ရိွေနမယ္႔ impurities ေတြကို၊ ဖယ္ရွားတဲ႔အခါ အသံုးၿပဳရန္ တတ္ဆင္ထားတာ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ whistle သို႔မဟုတ္ horn ကို steam whistle အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးၿပဳခဲဲ႔႔လၽွင္၊ steam supply ကိုေပးပို႔ရန္၊ 'whistle stop valve' အား၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။</span></div>
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<span class="figure">boiler ကိို အခၽိန္အေတာ္ႀကာ ရပ္တန္႔ၿပီးမွ၊ ၿပန္လည္ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔အခါနဲ႔ boiler အတြင္းမွ ေရေတြကို၊ drain အေနနဲ႔ ေဖာက္ခၽၿပီး၊ ၿပန္လည္ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔ အခါေတြမွာ၊ drum အတြင္းရိွ steam ေနရာမွာ၊ အစားထိုးေနရာယူေနတဲ႔ 'ေလ' ေတြကို၊ 'air released cock' မွတဆင္႔ ဖယ္ထုတ္ပါတယ္။ </span><br />
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<span class="figure">'sampling connection' ကိုတာ႔၊ boiler feed water ကို analysis လုပ္ရန္၊ 'ေရ' နမူနာ sample ရယူမယ္႔ ေနရာမွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ blow down valve ဟာ boiler အတြင္းမွ 'ေရ' သို႔မဟုတ္ 'steam' ကို၊ drain အေနနဲ႔ ေဖာက္ခၽတဲ႔အခါ၊ အသံုးၿပဳၿပီီး၊ boiler ရဲ႕ ေအာက္ေၿခနား ေနရာမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ </span></div>
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<span class="figure">'automatic feed water regulator' အား၊ boiler feed water line ရဲ႕ main feed check valve အနီးမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထား</span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">ပါတယ္။</span> sensor element ေတြကိုသံုးကာ water level နဲ႔ load ဆိုိုတဲ႔ steam pressure အနည္းအမၽားေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ boiler သိုု႔ေပးသြြြင္းမယ္္႔ feed water အနည္းအမၽားကို၊ automatic feed water regulator မွ ခၽိန္ညိွေပးပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ 'automatic feed water regulator' မွ boiler drum ရဲ႕ water level ကိုု၊ control အေနနဲ႔ ထိမ္းညိွေပးတယ္လို႔၊ ဆိုုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Automatic Level Control Systems -</b></span><span class="figure"> oil fired drum type water tube boiler ေတြမွာ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ 'automatic level control systems' ေတြကို On/ Off control </span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">system နဲ႔ </span>Modulating control system ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ Modulating control system မွာ Single element water level control, Two element water level control နဲ႔ Three element water level control တို႔အၿဖစ္၊ ထပ္မံခြဲၿခားကာ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။</span></div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;">"On/ Off control system" - </span> </span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">water level sensing element အၿဖစ္၊ </span>magnetic switch ကို၊ float level control element အေနနဲ႔ တတ္ဆင္ထားသလို၊ 'conductivity probe' လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ 'capacitance probes' ေတြကိုလည္း၊ </span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">အသံုးၿပဳေလ့</span>ရိွပါတယ္။ fixed switching levels လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ feed water pump ရဲ႕ On/ Off function အတြက္၊ level probes (၂) စံုကို အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွၿပီး၊ level probes ေတြမွတဆင္႔၊ On/ Off switching levels ကို၊ adjustment အေနနဲ႔၊ လိုအပ္သလုိ ခၽိန္ညိွေပးပါတယ္။</span><br />
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<span class="figure"><img alt="Fig. 3.17.1 - On / off control" src="http://www.spiraxsarco.com/images/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/3/17/fig_3_17_1.gif" /> </span></div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> On/ Off control system</span></div>
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<span class="figure">On/ Off control system ကို steam generation rate အေနနဲ႔ 5, 000 Kg / h သို႔မဟုတ္ 3 MW ခန္႔ ပမာဏထုတ္ေပးတဲ႔ boiler ေတြမွာသာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ On/ Off control system အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ automatic level control application မွာ၊ switching activated ၿဖစ္ရာမွ၊ feed water pump ရုတ္တရက္ 'ထ' လည္ၿပီး၊ 'cold' feed-water ဆိုတဲ႔ 'ေရေအး' ေတြကို၊ ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔ relatively high flow-rate ၿဖင္႔၊ ေပးသြင္းလိုက္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ boiler အတြင္းမွ steam pressure ဟာ၊ ရုတ္တရက္ လၽွင္ၿမန္စြာ ကၽဆင္းသြားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </span><br />
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<span class="figure">burner ဟာ steam pressure အား၊ ထိန္းညိွနိဳင္ရန္ continuously vary အေနနဲ႔ အဆက္မၿပတ္လည္လိုက္၊ ရပ္လိုက္ အေနအထားၿဖင္႔ firing ဆိုတဲဲ႔ 'မီးထိုး' ၿခင္းကိိုု ေဆာာင္္ရြက္္ေပးေနမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ burner controls ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာ၊ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြမွာ wear and tear ဆိုတဲ႔ ပြန္းစား ပၽက္စီးမွဳေတြ၊ တိုေတာင္းတဲ႔ အခၽိန္အတိုင္္းအတာ တခုအတြင္း ၿဖစ္ပြားလာနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ boiler ရဲ႕ water drum မွာ temperature cycling ေတြေပါါေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ steam flow-rate ဟာ 'saw-tooth' type ပံုသ႑န္ၿဖင္႔ စီးဆင္းၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ boiler ရဲ႕ 'efficiency' ကၽဆင္း သြားတတ္ပါတယ္။</span><br />
<span class="figure"><br /></span>
<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;">"Modulating control system" -</span> water level sensing element အၿဖစ္၊ float switch, capacitance probes နဲ႔ differential pressure cells ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ modulating control system မွာ feed water pump ဟာ ဆက္တိုက္မရပ္မနား continuously လည္ပတ္ေနၿပီး၊ feed water pump နဲ႔ boiler ႀကားမွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ automatic feed water regulating valve မွတဆင္႔၊ လိုအပ္မယ္႔ steam demand အေပါါမူတည္ကာ၊ feed water flow-rate ကို </span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">control အေနနဲ႔ </span>ထိမ္းညိွေပးပါတယ္။ </span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="figure"><img alt="Fig. 3.17.3 - Modulating control" src="http://www.spiraxsarco.com/images/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/3/17/fig_3_17_3.gif" /> </span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Modulating control system</span></div>
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<span class="figure">modulating control system ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ drum အတြင္းမွာ တည္ၿငိမ္တဲ႔ water level stability အား၊ ရရိွေစနိဳင္သလို၊ steam flow-rate ကိုလည္း၊ 'smooth' အေနနဲ႔ ေခၽာေမြ႔စြာ စီးဆင္းေစနိဳင္တာ၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ level control valve လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ modulating valve ပိတ္သြားရာမွ၊ feed water pump မွာ အပူလြန္ၿပီး overheating မေပါါေပါက္ေစရန္၊ recirculation ဆိုတဲ႔ spill-back line ကို တတ္ဆင္ထားၿပီး၊ feed water pump မွာ၊ minimum flow-rate ၿဖင္႔၊ feed water အား စီးဆင္းေစပါတယ္။ recirculation အား valve သို႔မဟုတ္ (5 mm ~ 7 mm) အရြယ္အစားရိွတဲ႔၊ orifice plate ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး ေဆာင္ရြက္ေစပါတယ္။ </span><br />
<span class="figure"><br /></span>
<span class="figure">ဒါ႔အၿပင္၊ modulating control system </span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">ကို</span>၊ boiler feed-water pump ရဲ႕ speed </span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">အား</span>၊ varying အေနနဲ႔ အတိုး၊ အေလၽွာ႔ေၿပာင္းလဲ လည္ပတ္ကာ၊ </span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">အသံုးၿပဳ</span>နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ boiler water level sensing element မွတဆင္႔၊ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ modulating signal ကို၊ electrical frequency controller လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ variable frequency control drive တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ VFD သို႔ေပးပို႔ကာ၊ feed-water pump motor ရဲ႕ speed အား၊ ေၿပာင္းလဲလည္ပတ္ေစၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="figure"><img alt="Fig. 3.17.4 - Recirculation of feedwater" height="230" src="http://www.spiraxsarco.com/images/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/3/17/fig_3_17_4.gif" width="400" /> </span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Recirculation of feedwater </span></div>
<span class="figure"><br /></span>
<span class="figure">variable speed drive feed-water pump ၿဖင္႔ တြဲဖက္တတ္ဆင္တဲ႔အခါ၊ with recirculation နဲ႔ without recirculation ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားအသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ with recirculation application အၿဖစ္၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳရာမွာ steam demand အေနနဲ႔ boiler ရဲ႕ load နည္းေနစဥ္ကာလမွာ၊ feed water pump motor ဟာ၊ minimum speed ၿဖင္႔လည္ပတ္ေနၿပီး၊ recirculation line မွတဆင္႔ feed water ကို စီးဆင္းေစပါတယ္။ without recirculation application မွာေတာ႔ low boiler load ဆိုတဲ႔ steam demand မရိွတဲ႔အခါ၊ motor controller မွတဆင္႔ feed - water pump ကို၊ ရပ္တန္႔ထားပါတယ္။ feed - water pump ၿပန္လည္တဲ႔အခါ frequency controller ဟာ၊ motor speed ကို rump-up အေနနဲ႔ တၿဖည္းၿဖည္း၊ တိုးၿမွင္႔ ယူသြားၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ power consumption ကို၊ ေလၽွာ႔ကၽသက္သာေစပါတယ္။</span><br />
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;">"Single element water level control" -</span> modulating control ရဲ႕ proportional control method ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ rated capacity အတြင္း အသံုးၿပဳမယ္႔၊ applications ေတြမွာ၊ majority အၿဖစ္၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ control system လည္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ proportional control ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ low steaming rates ၿဖင္႔ အသံုးၿပဳေနစဥ္ </span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">water level ဟာ </span>higher အေနနဲ႔ ၿမင္႔မားေနမွာ ၿဖစ္သလို၊ high steaming rates ၿဖင္႔ အသံုးၿပဳေနစဥ္မွာေတာ႔ lower အေနနဲ႔ နိမ္႔ကၽသြားရာမွတဆင္႔ water drum အတြင္း falling level control characteristic ေတြ၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာနိိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </span><br />
<span class="figure"><br /></span>
<span class="figure">boiler ကို rated capacity အတြင္း အသံုးၿပဳေနစဥ္၊ steam demand ကို၊ increase အေနနဲ႔႔ တိုးၿမွင္႔ အသံုးၿပဳလိုက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ boiler မွ steam pressure ဟာ၊ initial fall အေနနဲ႔ သိသိသာသာ၊ ထိုးကၽသြားၿပီး၊ control system မွတဆင္႔ burner firing rate အား ၿမင္႔တင္္ေပးမွာၿဖစ္္သလို၊ evaporation rate ဟာလည္း၊ ၿမင္႔တက္လာမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ evaporation rate ၿမင္႔တက္လာတဲ႔အတြက္၊ drum water အတြင္းမွာ၊ steam bubbles ေတြပိုမို၊ ေပါါေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ less dense အေနနဲ႔ 'ေရ' နဲ႔ အတူ အနည္းငယ္သာ ေရာေနွာေနမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</span><br />
<span class="figure"><br /></span>
<span class="figure">steam demand ကို၊ ရုတ္တရက္ sudden load အေနနဲ႔ ပမာဏမၽားစြာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳလိုက္တဲ႔ အခါ၊ boiler မွ steam pressure ဟာလည္း၊ further reduced အေနနဲ႔ ထပ္မံ ကၽဆင္းသြားၿပီး၊ feed water ဟာ steam ေနရာမွာ flash in အၿဖစ္၊ တြန္းထိုးဝင္ေရာက္လာမွာ ၿဖစ္သလို၊ control system </span><span class="figure"><span class="figure">မွတဆင္႔ </span> burner firing rate အား၊ maximum အထိ၊ ၿမင္႔တင္္ေပးလိုက္မွာ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ တခၽိန္တည္းမွာ drum water အတြင္း၊ steam bubbles ေတြေၿမာက္မၽားစြာေပါါေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ steam ရဲ႕ density လည္း ကၽဆင္းသြားပါတယ္။ </span><br />
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<span class="figure">steam bubbles ေတြဟာ water mixture အၿဖစ္ 'ေရ' နဲ႔ေရာကာ ဖြဲ႔တည္ေနၿခင္းကို၊ 'swell' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ swell ေႀကာင္႔ drum ရဲ႕ water level ၿမင္႔တက္လာသလို၊ level control detector မွ မွားယြင္းယူဆၿပီး၊ feed-water control valve အား၊ closed အေနအထားၿဖင္႔ 'ပိတ္' သြားေစပါတယ္။ </span>အမွန္ေတာ႔ လိုအပ္လာတဲ႔ high steam demand ေႀကာင္႔၊ water drum အတြင္းသို႔ 'ေရ' ေပးသြင္းၿခင္းကို၊ ပိုမိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရမွာၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ လက္ေတြ႔မွာေတာ႔ feed-water control valve 'ပိတ္' သြားၿပီး၊ 'ေရ' ေပးသြင္းၿခင္းအား၊ ရပ္တန္႔လိုက္ၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ falling level ဆိုတဲ႔ drum water low level condition အေၿခအေန ေပါါေပါက္လာနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ falling level control characteristic လို႔၊ ဆိုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ falling level control characteristic ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္္တဲဲ႔႔အတြက္္ ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာေတာ႔၊ single element water level control အစား၊ Two element water level control ကို၊ ေၿပာင္းလဲ အသံုးၿပဳလာႀကပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">"Two element water level control" -</span> first element အၿဖစ္ drum water မွ level signal နဲ႔ second element အၿဖစ္၊ steam flow meter မွ flow signal တို႔ကို၊ sensing element အၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳထားပါတယ္။ steam flow meter ကို၊ boiler ရဲ႕ steam discharge line မွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားၿပီး၊ steam demand ကို၊ increase အေနနဲ႔႔ တိုးၿမွင္႔ အသံုးၿပဳရန္လိုအပ္မယ္႔ high steam loads condition အေၿခအေနမွာ၊ level controller set point ကို၊ steam flow meter မွ flow signal ၿဖင္႔၊ ၿမွင္႔တင္ေပးတဲ႔ control system ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Fig. 3.17.7 - Two element boiler water level control" src="http://www.spiraxsarco.com/images/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/3/17/fig_3_17_7.gif" /> </div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Two element boiler water level control<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
frequent သိို႔မဟုုတ္္ sudden changes ဆိုုတဲဲ႔႔ steam demand ကို၊ ရုတ္တရက္၊ ပမာဏမၽားစြာေၿပာင္္းလဲ အသံုးၿပဳရတဲဲ႔ application ေတြမွာ 'Two element boiler water level control' ကို၊ တတ္ဆင္္ထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္္႔႔ boiler ရဲ႕ rated capacity ထက္ (25 %) ခန္္႔ load အေၿပာင္္းအလဲရိိွတတ္တဲ႔ applications ေတြမွွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳတယ္လို႔ ဆိိုနိိဳင္္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;">"Three element water level control" -</span> first element အၿဖစ္ drum water မွ level signal နဲ႔ second element အၿဖစ္၊ steam flow meter မွ flow signal တို႔အၿပင္၊ third element အၿဖစ္ feed - water pump မွ boiler drum အတြင္္းသိိုု႔ ေပးသြင္းမယ္႔ feed water ရဲ႕ flow rate ကိုုပါ၊ sensing element အၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳထားပါတယ္။ boiler ေတြကို အရည္အတြြက္ တလံုးထက္္ပိုၿပီး တတ္ဆင္ကာ၊ feed - water အား common တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ 'pressurised ring main' အေနနဲ႔ ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔ applications ေတြမွွာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွွတဲ႔ control system လည္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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boiler တလံုးးစီမွာ steam demand ေႀကာင္႔၊ water drum အတြင္းသို႔ 'ေရ' ေပးသြင္းရာမွာ၊ feed-water ring main အတြင္း၊ vary အေနနဲဲ႔ အေၿပာင္းအလဲေတြ ေပါါေပါက္လာတတ္ၿပီး၊ 'ေရ' ေပးသြင္းရန္လိုအပ္မယ္႔ boiler မွာတတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ feed water ရဲ႕ flow rate signal မွတဆင္႔ automatic feed water regulating valve မွတဆင္႔၊ feed water flow - rate ကို control အေနနဲ႔ ထိမ္းညိွေပးပါတယ္။ </div>
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'super heater circulating valves' ဟာ boiler ကို၊ စတင္ေမာင္းနွင္ၿပီး၊ initial warming ေဆာင္ရြက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ steam flow အား control အေနနဲ႔ ထိမ္းညိွေပးသလို၊ air vent အၿဖစ္လည္းေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးပါတယ္။ soot blower ဟာ၊ boiler အတြင္းမွ wall, surface နဲ႔ tubes ေတြေပါါ တင္ရိွေနတဲ႔ soot ေတြနဲ႔ combustion deposit ေတြကို compressed air သို႔မဟုတ္ pressurized steam အား အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ အၿပင္ဘက္သို႔ မွဳတ္ထုတ္ေပးပါတယ္။</div>
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water tube boilers ေတြကို fire tube boilers ေတြနဲ႔နိွဳင္းယွဥ္ႀကည္႔လၽွင္၊ 'ေရ' ပမာဏ အနည္းငယ္သာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ steam pressure ပမာဏ မၽာမၽား ရရိွ ေစရန္၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးနိဳင္တာ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ မေတာ္တဆ မီးေလာင္ေပါက္ကြဲထြက္ၿခင္း ဆိုတဲ႔ 'accidents' ၿဖစ္ေပါါရန္၊ အခြင္႔အလမ္းလည္း၊ ပိုမၽားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ အထိမ္းအၿဖစ္ အထိုင္ 'mounting' မၽားကို ပိုမိုတတ္ဆင္ထားရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ mounting ေတြကို shell plate အေပါါမွာအထိုင္ခၽကာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ boiler shell, mounting နဲ႔ fittings ေတြကို regular inspection အၿဖစ္၊ ဂရုစိုက္ကာ၊ စစ္ေဆးရန္လိုအပ္ၿပီး စစ္ေဆးရာမွာ<br />
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shell plate ေတြရဲ႕ internal နဲ႔ external မၽက္နွာၿပင္အက္ကြဲမွဳ crack, corrosion wastage နဲ႔ deformation မၽားကိုစစ္ေဆးၿခင္း၊ အဓိကအေရးႀကီးတဲ႔ mounting ေတြကို boiler မွ၊ ၿဖဳတ္ကာ စစ္ေဆးၿခင္း၊ gauge glasses, safety valves, feed check valves ေတြနဲ႔ steam stop valves ေတြရဲ႕ corrosion, erosion, strength နဲ႔ correct operation အေၿခအေနမၽားကိုစစ္ေဆးၿခင္း၊ internal feeding နဲ႔ chemical injection ေႀကာင္႔ pipeline ေတြမွာ၊ oxygen pitting ဆိုတဲ႔ oxidization ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿပီး၊ သံေခၽးတက္ကာစားသြားတဲ႔ အခၽိဳင္႔ေတြနဲ႕ corrosion အေၿခအေနမၽားကို စစ္ေဆးၿခင္း၊ steam pipelines ေတြနဲ႔ drain pipeline ေတြကို 'တူ' ၿဖင္႔ 'ေခါက္' ကာ hammer test အေနနဲ႔ စစ္ေဆးၿခင္း၊ soot blower nozzles ေတြကို၊ correct sweep pattern အေနအထားမွာ၊ ရိွမရိွ စစ္ေဆးၿခင္း၊ air register ကို၊ စစ္ေဆးသန္႔ရွင္းၿခင္း၊ boiler manhole နဲ႔ manhole cover ကိုစစ္ေဆးၿခင္း၊ strained door studs ေတြ၊ stripped နဲ႔ slack nuts ေတြ၊ distorted dogs ေတြရဲ႕အေၿခအေနကို စစ္ေဆးၿခင္း၊ boiler နဲ႔ foundation structure attachment ေတြမွာ လံုေလာက္တဲ႔ expansion ရိွမရိွ၊ adequate provision for expansion နဲ႔ 'yield' သို႔မဟုတ္ bend and cracking ဆိုတဲ႔ ေကြးေကာက္တြန္႔လိမ္ၿခင္းနဲ႔ အက္ကြဲမွဳအေၿခအေနကိုစစ္ေဆးၿခင္းနဲ႔ shell plating နဲ႔တြဲဆက္ထားတဲ႔ welding attachment ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ cradles, feet နဲ႔ rolling stay lugs ေတြမွ အက္ကြဲမွဳ အေၿခအေနကို စစ္ေဆးၿခင္း အစရိွတာေတြကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ရပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Refractory Material - </b></span>boiler ရဲ႕ furnace ဟာ fuel burning ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ အပူခၽိန္အၿမင္႔မားဆံုး လက္ခံ ရရိွတဲ႔ ေနရာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ furnace wall နံရံေတြကို၊ အပူခၽိန္ခံနိဳင္ေစရန္ တည္ေဆာက္ထားၿပီး၊ အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ material ကို 'refractory material' လို႔ခါါပါတယ္။ refractory material ဟာ၊ non-metallic materials ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ အပူခၽိန္ (538 ံ C) သို႔မဟုတ္ (1000 ံ F) အထိ ခံနိဳင္ရည္ ရိွကာ၊ boiler နဲ႔ incinerator ေတြရဲ႕ furnace ေတြမွာသာမက၊ reactors ေတြမွာလည္း ႀကားခံ lining အၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ refractory materials ဟာ၊ ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔အပူခၽိန္မွာ chemically and physically ဂုဏ္သတၱိေတြ ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳမရိွရန္လိုအပ္သလို၊ boiler ရဲ႕ furnace မွာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ thermal shock ၊ thermal conductivity နဲ႔ thermal expansion တို႔ကိုခံနိဳင္ရည္ရိွရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Refractory material in boiler furnace<br />
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ေယဘုယၽအားၿဖင္႔ refractory materials ကို 'alumina' လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ aluminium oxides, silicon နဲ႔ magnesium တို႔မွ တဆင္႔ေရာစပ္ထုတ္လုပ္ကာ၊ calcium oxide အနည္းငယ္ပါဝင္သလို fireclays လည္း ေရာစပ္ပါဝင္ေလ႔ရိွပါတယ္။ တခၽိဳ႕ေနရာေတြမွာေတာ႔၊ လိုအပ္ခၽက္အရ zirconia ဆိုတဲ႔ refractories အမၽိဳးအစားကို အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ silicon carbide နဲ႔ graphite ကို လည္းထည္႔သြင္းအသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွၿပီး၊ oxygen နဲ႔ မထိေတြ႔ရတဲ႔ furnace ေတြ၊ အတြက္သာ ရည္ရြယ္ထုတ္လုပ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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refractories အမၽိဳးအစားေတြကို chemical composition အရခြဲၿခားတဲ႔အခါ၊ RO<sub>2</sub> group ဆိုတဲ႔ Ex- silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>), 'acidic refractories' group ဆိုတဲ႔ Zirconia (ZrO<sub>2</sub>), R<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> group ဆိုတဲ႔ alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), 'neutral refractories' group ဆိုတဲ႔ chromia ( Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) နဲ႔ carbon, RO group ဆိုတဲ႔ magnesia (MgO) ဆိုၿပီးေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ ထုတ္လုပ္ပံုနည္းလမ္း method of manufacture အရ dry press process, fused cast, hand molded, normal formed, fired formed, chemical bonded formed
နဲ႔ un-formed ဆိုၿပီးေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ physical form ပံုသဏ႖န္အေနနဲ႔ကေတာ႔ shaped နဲ႕ unshaped ဆိုၿပီးသာေတြ႔ရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig. </b></i><b><span style="color: black;">(A) - </span></b></span> Firebricks refractory (shaped), <b>(B) - </b>Mouldable refractory (unshaped)<br />
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'mouldable refractory' ကိို၊ direct exposure to radiant heat ဆိုတဲ႔ flame နဲ႔တိုက္ရိုက္ထိေတြ႔မယ္႔ ေနရာေတြမွာ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ အသံုးမၿပဳခင္ အမွဳန္႔ၿဖစ္ သြား ေစရန္၊ pounded အေနနဲ႔ ထုေထာင္းၿပီးမွ " မံ " ပါတယ္။ 'castable refractory' ဟာ၊ အေဆာက္အဦးေဆာက္တဲ႔ေနရာမွာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ ဘိလပ္ေၿမကဲ႔သို႔ 'အမွဳန္႔' ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ water walls ရဲ႕ အေနာက္ဖက္နံရံေတြ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ flame နဲ႔တိုက္ရိုက္ထိေတြ႔ မွဳမရိွမယ္႔၊ ေနရာေတြမွာ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ 'plastic chrome core refractory' ကိုေတာ႔ studded water walls လိုေနရာေတြမွာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ plastic chrome core refractory ဟာ၊ အလြန္ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔ အပူခၽိန္ကို ခံနိဳင္ေပမယ္႔၊ mechanical strength အလြန္နည္းပါးပါတယ္။ steel studs ေတြထဲသို႔ ထုေထာင္းထည္႔ၿပီး၊ tube ေတြနဲ႔ welded ေတြကို တြဲဆက္ရန္အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ addition strength ရေစဖို႔ tube အေပါါ" မံ" ထားတဲ႔၊ refractory နဲ႔ တြဲဆက္ထားၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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refractory "မံ" တဲ႔အခါ၊ thermal expansion ေႀကာင္႔ ၿပန္႔ထြက္လာရန္ ေနရာ အနည္းငယ္ခၽန္ေပးရပါတယ္။ ေနရာမခၽန္ထားတဲ႔အခါ undue stresses ေႀကာင္႔၊ attachment ေနရာေတြ အက္ကြဲတတ္ပါတယ္။ refractory "မံ" ၿပီး တဲ႔အခါ၊ ဆက္တိုက္မီးထိုးၿပီး steam pressure မတင္သင္႔သလို၊ အသစ္ "မံ" ထားတဲ႔ refractory ေတြဟာ၊ thermal stress ေႀကာင္႔ အက္ကြဲတတ္တဲ႔အတြက္ boiler ကို ေမာင္းလိုက္ ရပ္လိုက္လုပ္ကာ မီးထိုးသင္႔ပါတယ္။<br />
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boiler shut down အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးမၿပဳပဲ လံုးဝရပ္တဲ႔အခါ၊ post - purging period ၿပီးဆံုးခၽိန္မွာ၊ air damper ကိုလည္း တၿပိဳင္တည္း လိုက္ပိတ္ရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ damper မပိတ္တဲ႔အခါ၊ ၿပင္ပမွဝင္လာတဲ႔ cold air impingement ေလေအးနဲ႔ မီးထိုးၿပီးစ furnace ထဲမွ၊ hot refractory တို႔ထိေတြ႔ၿပီး၊ 'surface flaking' လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ refractory မၽက္နွာၿပင္အဖတ္လိုက္ကြာကၽမွဳ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ 'spalling' ေတြ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ spalling ဟာ refractory wall ရဲ႕ thickness အထူကို ေလၽွာ႔ပါးေစပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ flame impingement နဲ႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ထိေတြ႔မွဳေႀကာင္႔ carbon deposit ေတြ၊ refractory အႀကားစိမ္႔ဝင္ရာမွ၊ spalling ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ ပါတယ္။ fuel မွာပါဝင္တဲ႔ vanadium နဲ႔ sodium salts ေတြေႀကာင္႔လည္း၊ refractory molten slag အၿဖစ္ အတံုးလိုက္ ကြာကၽတတ္ၿပီး၊ refractory wall ရဲ႕ thickness အထူကို ေလၽွာ႔ပါးေစတတ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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boiler ကို firing အေနနဲ႔ 'မီးထိုး' တဲ႔အခါ flame နဲ႔ flue gas ေတြ furnace wall မွ၊ အၿပင္သို႔၊ ထြက္မသြားေစရန္ refractory material ၿဖင္႔ "မံ" ထားတာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႔ furnace wall နံရံေတြမွာ၊ refractory materials ေတြကို " မံ " ၿပီးသံုးတဲ႔ အခါ၊ spalling ဆိုတဲ႔ မၽက္နွာၿပင္ အဖတ္လိုက္ကြာကၽမွဳနဲ႔ molten slag ဆိုတဲ႔ အတံုးလိုက္ကြာကၽ မွဳေတြေႀကာင္႔၊ မႀကာခဏ ၿပန္လည္ၿပီး re-install အေနနဲ႔ "မံ" ေပးရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ အထူးသၿဖင္႔ vertical walls ေဒါင္လိုက္နံရံမွာ၊ ကြာကၽမွဳေတြပိုမို ၿဖစ္ေပါါေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ </div>
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boiler ဟာ၊ furnace အတြင္း ေလာင္စာေတြကို အၿပည္႔အဝေလာင္ကၽြမ္းေစၿပီး၊ အပူဓါတ္ဆိုတဲ႔ 'heat' အား၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းမွဳေႀကာင္႔ရလာတဲ႔ အပူကို၊ 'ေရ' ထည္႔သြင္းထားတဲ႔ tube ေတြထံသို႔ heat transfer အေနနဲ႔၊ အပူစီးကူးေစၿပီး steam အၿဖစ္ေၿပာင္းလဲယူၿခင္းၿဖစ္ကာ၊ ရရိွလာတဲ႔အပူမွာ ဆံုးရံွဴးမွဳမၿဖစ္ေပါါေစရန္၊ 'ေရ' ထည္႔သြင္းထားတဲ႔ tube ေတြရဲ႕ နံရံ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ water wall ေတြရဲ႕ အေရွ႕ဖက္နံရံနဲ႔ အေနာက္ ဖက္နံရံေတြမွာပါ၊ refractory material ေတြနဲ႔ "မံ" ထားရပါတယ္။ major heat loss ဆိုတဲ႔၊ အပူရိွန္ေကာင္းေကာင္းလံုေလာက္စြာ မရရိွၿခင္းဟာ refractory material ကို ဂရုတစိုက္နဲ႔ ပံုမွန္စစ္ေဆးၿပီး၊ လိုအပ္သလို ၿပဳၿပင္ထိန္းသိမ္းမွဳေတြကို မေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ႔ၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာ refractory materials ေတြကို furnace wall မွာ အသံုးၿပဳစရာမလိုတဲ႔ arrangements ေတြ အသံုးၿပဳလာတာေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ refractory materials အစားထိုး၊ arrangements ေတြကို 'tangent tube arrangement' နဲ႔ 'mono-wall' သို႔မဟုတ္ 'membrane wall arrangement' ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">"Tangent Tube Arrangement" - <span style="color: black;">မီးေလာင္ခန္းနံရံ furnace wall အၿဖစ္ လံုးပတ္ေသးငယ္တဲ႔ ပိုက္လံုး tube ေတြကို close pitched အေနအထားၿဖင္႔၊ boiler casing မွာ၊ တခုနဲ႔တခု ထိကပ္ေနေအာင္၊ အလၽွားလိုက္ စီတန္းေနရာခၽၿပီး၊ အၿပင္ဖက္မွ၊ refractory material ၿဖင္႔ "မံ" ကာ၊ boiler casing အၿပင္ဖက္မွာေတာ႔ insulation အလြွာနဲ႔၊ outer casing တို႔ၿဖင္႔ ထပ္မံဖံုးအုပ္ထားတဲ႔ arrangement ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ refractory material ၿဖင္႔ အၿပင္ဖက္မွ "မံ" ထားတဲ႔ close pitched tubes အလြွာကို၊ inner casing အၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။</span></span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdQOycccJtPF5GpGRm0yCFIzppcdDEbx8QQkgxd_Me-dkvr0qPIl2o3c48ZboeyIKg8USDAimxcptBhm70J9uoYMPy-y6ncHH5xfTjgnZHWZZP-qYBn0g57FF5a3CqNOt4geY-fWwnOyqA/s1600/New+Picture+(8).bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdQOycccJtPF5GpGRm0yCFIzppcdDEbx8QQkgxd_Me-dkvr0qPIl2o3c48ZboeyIKg8USDAimxcptBhm70J9uoYMPy-y6ncHH5xfTjgnZHWZZP-qYBn0g57FF5a3CqNOt4geY-fWwnOyqA/s640/New+Picture+(8).bmp" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i> </span><b>(A) -</b> Tangent Tube Arrangement, <b>(B) -</b> </span> Inner casing, insulation & Outer casing<br />
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အကယ္၍ အပူရိွန္ေႀကာင္႔ tube ေတြမွာ leakage အေနနဲ႔ 'ေရ' ယိုစိမ္႔မွဳေပါါေပါက္ခဲ႔လၽွွင္ အၿပင္ဖက္မွ၊ "မံ" ထားတဲ႔ refractory material အလြွာေတြကို၊ ခြာထုတ္ကာ ၿပင္ဆင္ရတဲ႔အတြက္၊ ခက္ခဲတဲ႔ အလုပ္ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ leakage ၿဖစ္ေပါါေနတဲ႔ tube ကို၊ အတိအကၽရွာေဖြ သိနိဳင္ခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ ယာယီၿပင္ဆင္မွဳ အၿဖစ္၊ 'ေရ' ယိုစိမ္႔ေနတဲ႔ tube ရဲ႕ အစအဆံုး နွစ္ဖက္စလံုးမွ၊ plugged ပိတ္ကာ refractory material ၿဖင္႔ အတြင္း၊ အၿပင္ထပ္မံ "မံ" ေပးရန္၊ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">"Mono-wall သို႕မဟုတ္ Membrane Wall Arrangement"</span> - tubes ေတြကို boiler casing မွာ အလၽွားလိုက္ စီတန္းေနရာခၽထားၿပီး၊ မီးေလာင္ခန္းမွ flu - gas ေတြ tubes ေတြႀကားမွ၊ ယိုစိမ္႔စိမ္႔ထြက္မသြားေစရန္၊ steel strip ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ ဂေဟသား welding ၿဖင္႔ tube ေတြနဲ႔၊ ခၽိတ္ဆက္ကာပိတ္ထားပါတယ္။ အၿပင္မွ insulation ထပ္မံကာရံၿပီး၊ 'cleading' ဆိုတဲ႔ သံၿပားအလြွာနဲ႔ ဖံုးအုပ္ထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b> Fig.</b></i></span> <b>(A)</b> - Membrane Wall Arrangement, <b>(B)</b> - longitudinal 2 - drum, D - type chamber combustion structure with membrane cooling tube wall</div>
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membrane wall arrangement ရဲ႕ အားသာခၽက္ကေတာ႔ refractory material ေတြကို၊ ထူထပ္စြာ ဖံုးအုပ္ထားၿခင္း မရိွတဲ႔အတြက္၊ အပူရိွန္ေႀကာင္႔ tube ေတြမွာ leakage အေနနဲ႔ 'ေရ' ယိုစိမ္႔မွဳေပါါေပါက္ခဲ႔လၽွွင္၊ အလြယ္တကူ ရွာေဖြေတြ႔နိဳင္ၿပီး၊ ယာယီၿပင္ဆင္မွဳအၿဖစ္၊ 'ေရ' ယိုစိမ္႔ေနတဲ႔ tube ရဲ႕ အစအဆံုး နွစ္ဖက္စလံုးမွ၊ plugged ပိတ္ရံုနဲ႔တင္၊ လံုေလာက္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6HgN8J82e8GETaIDgsA3NxthRpddlATs29bTpo8dzsjOw6Pu6fsYLSqnbQAc1xTlSup_E_B26g3ufrpxWtsGGzE0Rcb4Eg8VaFnO5MrJVMk8tYjPnfwt8saVyA8A31fmy92A44LajqIp9/s320/calcium+sil.jpg" width="320" /> </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"> <i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Calcium silicate boiler insulation asbestos</div>
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boiler မွာ insulation အေနနဲ႔၊ silicate material ေတြမွတဆင္႔ ထုတ္ယူထားတဲ႔၊ 'asbestos' ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ အပူခံအတားအဆီးအၿဖစ္သံုးတဲ႔ silicate material asbestos ေတြဟာ၊ အေရၿပားနဲ႔ ထိမိလၽွင္ ယားယံတတ္သလို၊ ယားလို႔ ကုတ္တိုင္း အသားထဲသို႔ စူးသထက္စူး၊ စိုက္သထက္စိုက္ကာ၊ ေသြးထြက္လာတဲ႔ အထိ ဒုကၡေပးတတ္သလို၊ silicate allergy အေနနဲ႔ ဓါတ္မတည္႔ခဲ႔လၽွင္ေတာ႔၊ အနာေတြပါၿဖစ္လာတတ္ပါတယ္။ အသက္ရွဴလမ္းေႀကာင္းထဲကို၊ ဝင္သြားခဲ႔လၽွင္ အဆုတ္ကင္ဆာေရာဂါ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">Possible Defects in Boiler Furnace -</span></b> boiler ရဲ႕ မီးေလာင္ခန္း furnace ေတြ၊ အဓိကပၽက္စီးရတဲ႔ အေႀကာင္းေတြကေတာ႔ အပူရိွန္လြန္ကဲၿခင္း overheating, direct flame impingement ဆိုတဲ႔ 'မီးေတာက္' ဟာ မီးေလာင္ခန္းနံရံ fire wall အား၊ တိုက္ရိုက္ ထိေတြ႔ၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ ေၿခာက္ေသြ႔အက္ကြဲၿခင္းနဲ႔ နက္ရိွဳင္းစြာ အက္ကြဲၿခင္း dry & deep crack တို႔အၿပင္ corrosion ေႀကာင္႔ ပၽက္စီးရၿခင္း တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">"Overheating" - </span>furnace crown နံရံေတြ၊ ပံုပၽက္တြန္႔လိမ္သြားေလာက္တဲ႔အထိ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ၿပီး၊ vertical boiler ေတြမွာ 'ဆီအညစ္အေႀကး' sludge ေတြ၊ စုပံုေလာင္ကၽြမ္းၿခင္းမွ ေပါါေပါက္ပါတယ္။ overheating ေႀကာင္႔၊ thermal နဲ႔ mechanical stress ေတြ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ furnace နဲ႔ shell ကို တြဲဆက္ထားတဲ႔ ဂေဟသားအဆက္မွာ၊ အက္ကြဲမွဳ welding seam crack ေတြၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ boiler စတင္ေမာင္းနွင္ၿခင္း၊ ရပ္တန္႔ၿခင္းေတြကို၊ စနစ္တကၽ မေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ႔ ရာမွလည္း thermal နဲ႔ mechanical stress ေတြၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">"Direct flame impingement" -</span> burner နဲ႔႔ မၽက္နာၿခင္းဆိုင္နံရံကို၊ ပံုပၽက္တြန္႔လိမ္သြားေစၿပီး၊ မီးေတာက္ 'flame' ၿဖင္႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ထိေတြ႔ၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ေပါါရပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">"Dry & Deep crack" -</span> scaling ဆိုတဲ႔၊ ေရခၽိဳးေတြဟာ tube အတြင္းမွာ အလြွာတခုကဲ႔သို႔ ဖံုးအုပ္ေနၿပီး၊ tube နဲ႔ flame တို႔ တိုက္ရိုက္ထိေတြ႔တဲ႔အခါ dry & deep crack ဆိုတဲ႔ ေၿခာက္ေသြ႔အက္ကြဲၿခင္းနဲ႔ နက္ရိွဳင္းစြာအက္ကြဲၿခင္းေတြ၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ အလားတူပဲဲ tube အတြင္းမွာ၊ circulating water ရဲ႕flow ဟာ အေႀကာင္းတစံုတခု ႀကာင္႔ ေနွးေကြးသြားခဲ႔လၽွင္လည္းၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ အက္ကြဲမွဳ crack ဟာ furnace ရဲ႕ entrance အဝ၊ အေပါါပိုင္း upper side နဲ႔ tube wall နံရံေတြ မွာၿဖစ္ေပါါေလ႔ရိွပါတယ္။ အမၽိဳးအစားမတူတဲ႔ indifferent feed water 'ေရ' ကိုမႀကာခဏ ေၿပာင္းလဲ သံုးစြဲၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔လည္း furnace crown နံရံေတြမွာ အခၽိဳင္႔ pitting ေတြ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတတ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">"Corrosion" -</span> boiler ရဲ႕ furnace နဲ႔ ဆက္စပ္ေနတဲ႔ shell plates ေတြမွာ သံေခၽးစားၿခင္း corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳ ပိုမၽားတာကိုေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ </div>
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coal fired boiler ဆိုတဲ႔၊ ေကၽာက္မီးေသြး coal ကို ေလာင္စာအၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ boiler ေတြရဲ႕ furnace အရြယ္အစား၊ oil fired boiler ဆိုတဲ႔ fuel oil ကို ေလာင္စာအၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ boiler ေတြရဲ႕ furnace အရြယ္အစားနဲ႔ gas fired boiler ဆိုတဲ႔ ဓါတ္ေငြ႔ gas ကို ေလာင္စာအၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ boiler ေတြရဲ႕ furnace အရြယ္အစားေတြဟာ တခုနဲ႔ တခုကြာၿခားပါတယ္။ boiler capacity ၿခင္းတူေပမယ္႔၊ coal fired boiler furnace ဟာ oil fired boiler ရဲ႕ furnace အရြယ္အစားထက္ (၂၅ %) မွ (၃၀ %) ခန္႔ ပိုမိုႀကီးမားပါတယ္။</div>
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အပူရိွန္ရရိွေစရန္ ေကၽာက္မီးေသြးအား၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ ေလာင္စာဆီကို အသံုးၿပဳတာထက္ အခၽိန္ပိုႀကာပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ္႔ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတဲ႔ မီးေတာက္ flame ရဲ႕ အပူရိွန္ကေတာ႔ oil fire burner မွရရိွတဲ႔ flame အပူရိွန္ထက္ ပိုမၽားၿပီး၊ (၁၇၀၀ ံC) ပါတ္ဝန္းကၽင္ခန္႔ရိွပါတယ္။ မီးေတာက္ရဲ႕ အပူရိွန္ဟာ furnace မၽက္နွာၿပင္ဧရိယာ အေတာ္မၽားမၽားသို႔ ၿပန္႔နံွေရာက္ရိွ ၿပီး၊ ေကၽာက္မီးေသြးကို ေလာင္စာအၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ အတြက္၊ ေကၽာက္မီးေသြးၿပာ coal ash ေတြ ကၽြင္းကၽန္ရစ္ခဲ႔မွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ ash ေတြဟာ မီးေလာင္ခန္းနံရံ furnace wall ေတြမွာ စုပံုကပ္ေနခဲ႔လၽွင္ အပူစီးကူးမွဳစြမ္းရည္ heat transfer efficiency ကို ကၽဆင္းေစနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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coal fired boiler ေတြရဲ႕ furnace ေအာက္ေၿခမွာ ash ေတြ စုပံုကၽဆင္းေစရန္ တည္ေဆာက္ထားၿပီး၊ ash ေတြကို ဆြဲယူထုတ္လို႔ရေအာင္ arrangement အေနနဲ႔ စီမံ တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ oil fired boiler နဲ႔ gas fired boiler ေတြရဲ႕ furnace ေအာက္ေၿခဟာ coal fired boiler ေတြရဲ႕ furnace ေအာက္ေၿခပံုသ႑န္နဲ႔ မတူပဲ၊ flat အေနနဲ႔ ၿပန္႔ၿပဴးေနတာကို ေတြ႔ရပါလိမ္႔မယ္။ oil fire burner မွ flame emissivity ဟာ coal fired boiler မွ flame ထက္ ပိုၿပင္းပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ ေလာင္စာဆီေလာင္ကၽြမ္းသြားၿပီးတဲ႔အခါ ash မကၽန္ရစ္ခဲ႔တဲ႔အတြက္ 'near zero % Ash' ရယ္လို႔ေခါါဆိုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ gas fired boiler ေတြရဲ႕ furnace ကေတာ႔၊ oil fired boiler ေတြရဲ႕ furnace ထက္ စာလၽွင္၊ ပိုမိုသန္႔ရွင္းၿပီး၊ heat loading ကို ပိုမိုခံနိဳင္ေအာင္ တည္ေဆာက္ထားတာ ေတြ႔ရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Reference and image credit to :</b></i></span> Steam Engineering Tutorials.,<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Remark :</b></i></span> All publications and images herein this website are for use of educational purpose only. The owner of this web site is not responsible for the consequences in case of violation to copyright, trademark, patent or other intellectual property rights of any third party.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-48910900871228091042013-05-23T23:02:00.000-07:002013-05-23T23:19:38.543-07:00"Oil Fired Drum Type Water Tube Boiler နဲ႔ Burner Operation Sequence"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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oil fired drum type water tube boiler ေတြရဲ႕ burner operation sequence ကို၊ pre - purging period, ignition period, operating period နဲ႔ post - purging period ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားသတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<img class="CSS_LIGHTBOX_SCALED_IMAGE_IMG" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBwfSA_VSzHC1vKWRKClywuyeqpeWUyK5C_jl2SL6VNUtz91Xo0SOsRwKDNdhuC1rBIb3iSJHLkQyIbTnvvtqdUgeIEFJ7OAK9g0waxfUkT9poauWjGfUAsr-GlMhXbDYByaSJGJMBfHpr/s1600/boiler-fuel-oil-supply-system.jpg" style="height: 376px; width: 457px;" /> </div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Boiler Fuel Oil Supply System </div>
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boiler ရဲ႕ fuel oil system မွာ၊ fuel oil pump, fuel oil heater, fuel oil duplex filters နဲ႔ fuel oil burner တို႔ပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာ boiler ေတြမွာ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ fuel oil ကေတာ႔ 'residual low-grade fuel oil' ေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ fuel oil pump ဟာ၊ boiler fuel oil service tank အတြင္းမွ၊ fuel ေတြကို၊ burner သို႔ ပို႔ေပးတဲ႔ gear pump ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ individual အေနနဲ႔ သီးသန္႔တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7PY9Ur7YT0pQVwVBhyphenhyphenDDw4IsiIm3oXZwpTa56zqvBgzF2T9eJawE6j3vUQbi_39olRcsnrqqZM8DBk9aLVbL359eS64yuTGrdipIQ6-DN-OLkHCY4ChWE0xt53W6ai1zhwGQ8MTumhFnX/s1600/thumb.php.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7PY9Ur7YT0pQVwVBhyphenhyphenDDw4IsiIm3oXZwpTa56zqvBgzF2T9eJawE6j3vUQbi_39olRcsnrqqZM8DBk9aLVbL359eS64yuTGrdipIQ6-DN-OLkHCY4ChWE0xt53W6ai1zhwGQ8MTumhFnX/s400/thumb.php.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> force draft fan with attached fuel pump</div>
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residual low-grade fuel oil ကို၊ အသံုးမၿပဳပဲ MGO လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ marine gas oil ကိုသာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ boiler ေတြမွာေတာ႔၊ forced draft fan ရဲ႕ shaft ဝင္ရိုးမွာ direct coupling အေနနဲ႔၊ ခၽိတ္ဆက္ကာ၊ fan နဲ႔ အတူလိုက္ပါ လည္ပတ္ေနမယ္႔ fuel pump ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ boiler စတင္ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔ pre-purging period မွာ burner သို႔ fuel oil မေရာက္ရိွေစရန္၊ fuel oil return line မွာတတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔၊ normally closed solenoid valve ကိုပြင္႔ေစၿပီး၊ service tank သို႔ၿပန္လည္ေပးပို႔ ပါတယ္။ </div>
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residual low-grade fuel oil ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ boiler ေတြမွာ၊ fuel oil heater ကို တတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ fuel oil heater ဟာ၊ fuel oil service tank မွာ၊ အပူေပးၿပီးသားၿဖစ္တဲ႔ fuel oil ဟာ၊ viscous အေနနဲ႔ ေစးပၽစ္ေနဆဲ ၿဖစ္ခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ ေစးပၽစ္မွဳ ကၽဆင္းေစရန္၊ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ temperature တက္လာေစရန္ ထပ္မံအပူေပးတဲ႔၊ electric heater ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ fuel oil duplex filters ကေတာ႔၊ duplex fine mesh filters ေတြၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ အပူေပးထားတဲ႔ fuel oil ရဲ႕ temperature ကို ခံနိဳင္ရည္ရိွပါတယ္။ fuel Oil burner ဟာ boiler ကို မီးထိုးေပးတဲ႔ အဓိက အစိတ္အပိုင္းၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ pressure jet burner, rotary cap burner, steam blast jet burner, gas burner နဲ႔ dual fuel burner ဆိုၿပီး၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Pressure jet burner -</b></span> fuel oil pressure ကို (7 ~ 15) Bar ပမာဏခန္႔ အသံုးၿပဳထားၿပီး၊ pressurized tube ရဲ႕အဆံုးမွာ orifice တတ္ဆင္ထားကာ၊ "ဆီ" ေတြကို၊ ပန္းထုတ္ေပးပါတယ္။ orifice တတ္ဆင္ထားၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ furnace မွာ "ဆီ" pressure ေလၽွာ႔ကၽသြားၿပီး၊ atomization ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ <b>'P'</b> ဆိုတဲ႕ pressure နဲ႔ <b>'F'</b> ဆိုတဲ႔ flow rate တို႔ရဲ႕ <span style="color: blue;"><b>" √P ∝ F "</b></span> ဆိုတဲ႔ ဆက္သြယ္ခၽက္အရ၊ fuel oil ရဲ႕ flow rate ကို (50 %) ခန္႔ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽလိုက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ atomization ကိုလည္း (၂၅ %) ခန္႔ ေလၽွာ႔ကၽသြားေစနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinoSGy6IObRqztH-f52MgBJxPri0KFFIXx0nF_J8DNJNRchJ7Wp2Ff_UhlHCSPVFaR3J1R0XCwsaJ3mkZXEsGhDp8AGGD_bpoCKbzVxO27uFNpEooHXPniili3wvyxH41tEiudk4afVBJO/s400/pressure-jet-burner.jpg" width="400" /> </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> <span style="color: blue;"> </span>Pressure jet burner</div>
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pressure jet burner နဲ႔ nozzle အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ အၿခား burner ေတြကို၊ နိွဳင္းယွဥ္ႀကည္႔တဲ႔အခါ၊ turn-down ratio အေနနဲ႔ (2 : 1) ခန္႔ ကြာၿခားတာ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ pressure jet burner ေတြဟာ ၿပဳၿပင္ထိမ္းသိမ္းမွဳ လြယ္ကူစြာေဆာင္ရြက္နိဳင္ၿခင္းနဲ႔ ေစၽးသက္သာၿခင္းစတဲ႔၊ အားသာခၽက္ေတြရိွသလို၊ "ဆီ" မသန္႔ခဲ႔လၽွင္ "ဆီ" မွာ ေရာပါဝင္လာတတ္တဲ႔ debris ဆိုတဲ႔ အစအနေလးေတြေႀကာင္႔၊ အလြယ္တကူ ပိတ္ဆို႔သြားတတ္တဲ႔ အားနည္းခၽက္လည္း ရိွတဲ႔အတြက္၊ ဆီစစ္ဇကာအစိတ္ fine mesh strainer ေတြတတ္ဆင္ၿပီး သံုးသင္႔ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Rotary cap burner -</b></span> central tube မွတဆင္႔ ဝင္ေရာက္လာတဲ႔ "ဆီ" ဟာ၊ လည္ပတ္ေနတဲ႔ rotating cone အတြင္းသုိ႔ ဝင္ေရာက္သြားကာ၊ centrifugal force ရဲ႕သက္ေရာက္မွဳေႀကာင္႔၊ cone နံရံေတြကို ရိုက္ခတ္ၿပီး၊ မူလ oil film ေတြထက္၊ ပိုမိုေသးငယ္ပါးလြွာတဲ႔ oil film ေတြအၿဖစ္ ၿပိဳကြဲသြားႀကပါတယ္။ <br />
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<img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGwfa5tXYW0W27GO0aVTssKNdTGweW0ojsK_rWN4TzmqE5s_Xn9XiBhXrvvdKiR2ujDrTn3oRGZOP-yGQFqqv8Sd6h5RMyTj46D1fDqRlyPYoKyfrqdNa_zSVkM2tVBGnCYWYmGaJhs1yJ/s400/rotating-cup-burner.jpg" width="400" /> </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> <span style="color: blue;"> </span>Rotary cap burner </div>
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ၿပိဳကြဲထြက္သြားတဲ႔ oil film ေတြဟာ၊ fine spray အေနနဲ႔ atomization pressure ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ atomization မွာ turn-down ratio အေနနဲ႔ ပိုမို ေကာင္းမြန္လာၿပီး၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ "ဆီ" ေႀကာင္႔ block အေနနဲ႔ ပိတ္ဆို႔မွဳ မၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္ၿခင္းဆိုတဲ႔ အားသာခၽက္ရိွသလို၊ ၿပဳၿပင္ထိမ္းသိမ္းမွဳကို အလြယ္တကူ မေဆာင္ရြက္နိဳင္ၿခင္းနဲ႔ ေစၽးနံွဳးႀကီးၿမင္႔ၿခင္းစတဲ႔ အားနည္းခၽက္ေတြလည္းရိွပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Gas burner -</b></span> fuel အစား gas နဲ႔ ေလ ကိုေရာေနွာလြွတ္ကာ၊ ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းေစတဲ႔ gas burner ေတြကို၊ low pressure gas burner နဲ႔ high pressure gas burner ဆိုၿပီး၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။</div>
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO1Y6U2D5mleWaj1bNgQcMVFOlN0NZg4w6w9TYV8ufOsk8RCSGZXIGRYtJWdVef2JLXkvMWzFggoFiEShVSSK1lz1nJAbSkeTq_tnJfO-1AfdiIROL71AlRbmmRWYvRGNm7pCogO4Kc_HN/s1600/lowpressuregasburner.gif" /> </div>
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Low pressure gas burner<br />
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low pressure gas burner မွာ gas pressure အေနနဲ႔ (2.5 ~10 mBar) ခန္႔ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳထားၿပီး၊ boiler ရဲ႕ output ဟာအမၽားဆံုး၊ 1 MW ေလာက္သာရိွပါတယ္။ low pressure gas burner ေတြမွာ၊ needle valve တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔ venturi device ကို အသံုးၿပဳထားပါတယ္။ high pressure gas burner ေတြမွာ gas pressure အေနနဲ႕ (12 ~ 175 mBar) ခန္႔ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳထားၿပီး၊ nozzles ေတြကို၊ တတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳထားပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Dual fuel burner -</b></span> boiler ကို စတင္ေမာင္းတဲ႔အခါ၊ FD fan အရင္ဆံုး လည္ပတ္ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ 'pre - purging period' ရဲ႕ အစလည္း ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ယခင္ boiler မီးထိုးစဥ္ကာလမွ flue gas ေတြ ႀကြင္းကၽန္ေနခဲ႔ပါက၊ ignition period မွာ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာမယ္႔ flame နဲ႔ ထိေတြ႔ၿပီး၊ back fire ဆိုတဲ႔ explosion ၿဖစ္နိဳင္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ flue gas ေတြကို၊ ကုန္စင္သြားေစရန္ FD Fan ကို အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး ဖယ္ရွားၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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<img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1SsdQQb_o6y4tXwQDak0tKIy5RPPipTPJ_iWjpoaSfAL3DoXPrkYnFwJsRfX2sb59UbhvpIgsBdQYBrS6QVXLRFg7Qpab-KybmhoAqczEW8HwQQLSEF-fBYtYXWaY39JXmOcx-gJFol1r/s400/dual-fuel-burner-362953-500x500.jpg" width="400" /> </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Dual fuel single package burner </div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">Pre - purging period -</span></b> ရဲ႕အဓိကရည္ရြယ္ခၽက္ဟာ၊ flue gas ေတြကို ဖယ္ရွားၿခင္း ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ FD fan စတင္လည္ပတ္တာနဲ႕ furnace အတြင္းသို႔၊ ၿပင္ပေလ ဝင္ေရာက္လာနိဳင္ေစရန္ burner damper flap အား၊ fully open အေနအထားၿဖင္႔ ဖြင္႔ေပးထားပါတယ္။ အခၽိဳ႕ boiler ေတြမွာ damper solenoid မွတဆင္႔၊ damper flap အဖြင္႔အပိတ္ကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးၿပီး၊ အခၽိဳ႕ boiler ေတြမွာေတာ႔ stepper motor မွတဆင္႔၊ damper flap အဖြင္႔အပိတ္ကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးပါတယ္။ </div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">Ignition period -</span></b> pre - purging period ၿပီးဆံုးသြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ ignition transformer မွ၊ supply voltage ေပးသြင္းလိုက္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ electrode (၂) ခုဟာ ignited အေနနဲ႔ မီး စ "ခပ္" ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ 'ignition period' အစလည္း ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ burner damper flap ဟာ fully closed အေနအထားၿဖင္႔ ပိတ္သြားပါတယ္။ တၿပိဳင္နက္ထဲမွာ MDO ဆိုတဲ႔ marine diesel oil သို႔မဟုတ္ MGO ဆိုတဲ႔ marine gas oil solenoid valve တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ pilot burner solenoid valve အား၊ ပြင္႔ေစၿပီး၊ pilot burner nozzle မွ၊ ဆီေတြကို atomizing pressure ၿဖင္႔ ပန္းထုတ္ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္။ pilot burner fuel oil အဖြင္႔၊ အပိတ္ကို 3 way solenoid valve တလံုးတည္းၿဖင္႔ ေဆာင္ရြက္သလို၊ 'NO' ဆိုတဲ႔ normally opened solenoid valve တလံုးနဲ႔ 'NC' ဆိုတဲ႔ normally closed solenoid တလံုးတို႔ကို၊ တတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္တဲ႔ burner ေတြကိုလည္း၊ ေတြ႔ရတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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electrodes (၂) ခုမွ ignition 'မီးစ' နဲ႔ pilot burner nozzle မွ၊ atomizing pressure ၿဖင္႔ ပန္းထြက္လာတဲ႔ 'ဆီ' တို႔၊ ေတြ႔တဲ႔အခါ firing ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ 'မီးေလာင္' ပါေတာ႔တယ္။ pilot burner မွာ flame အေနနဲ႔ 'မီးစြဲ' တာကို၊ low flame လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ burner မွာ မီးစေလာင္တာနဲ႔ electrodes (၂) ခုမွ ignition ဟာ ရပ္တန္႔သြားပါတယ္။ burner မွာ၊ low flame အေနနဲ႔ မီးစေလာင္ၿခင္း ရိွမရိွကို flame eye လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ photo cell တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ flame detector မွ ေစာင္႔ႀကည္႔ေနပါတယ္။ burner မွာ မီးစြဲၿပီဆိုတာေသၿခာမွ၊ flame eye ဟာ burner control unit သို႔၊ signal ေပးပို႔ၿပီး၊ main burner solenoid valve အားပြင္႔ေစပါတယ္။ main burner အတြက္ HFO ဆိုတဲ႔ heavy fuel oil ကိုေလာင္စာအၿဖစ္၊ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။</div>
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main burner 'မီးစြဲ' တာနဲ႔ pilot burner fuel oil solenoid valve လည္း၊ ပိတ္သြားၿပီး၊ burner fuel oil return line solenoid valve ၿပန္ပြင္႔သြားပါတယ္။ main burner မီးစြဲတာကို၊ high flame လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ burner မွာ၊ high flame အေနနဲ႔ မီးလာင္ၿခင္း ရိွမရိွကို flame detector မွ၊ ေစာင္႔ႀကည္႔ေနပါတယ္။ အေႀကာင္းတစံုတရာေႀကာင္႔ မီးမေလာင္နိဳင္ေတာ႔တဲ႔အခါ၊ flame detector မွ တစ္ဆင္႔၊ flame failure alarm ကို၊ activated ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ignition period ရဲ႕ operation တခုလံုးကို အလိုအေလၽွာက္ ရပ္တန္႔ေစပါတယ္။<br />
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<img border="0" height="377" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAiBqcdEFTmcB5acDVS_d7aWpS3fMzGNQRYRCC5M0u9E23HiYXFiKkxTvtdrx4WUbWOcB8O9aAJD9gEO-HnMfDXq4BS0CBZw1a9fpT84UOdidSBphB1uxxrQ8r2DfLipTuyg_YUHRsKKRW/s400/85820-cse0603boil2.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Boiler safety cut - off </div>
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ignition period ရဲ႕ operation ကို၊ ရပ္တန္႔ၿခင္းဟာ၊ burner သို႔ေပးပို႔ေနတဲ႔ fuel supply အား၊ ၿဖတ္ေတာက္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ burner မွာ၊ 'မီးမစြဲ' ပဲ၊ burner nozzle မွ 'ဆီ' ေတြကို atomizing pressure ၿဖင္႔၊ ဆက္လက္ ပန္းထုတ္ေပးေနခဲ႔လၽွင္ boiler furnace အတြင္း၊ ေလာင္စာဆီ အမၽားအၿပားေရာက္ရိွေနမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ ရုတ္တရက္ ignition နဲ႔ ေပါင္းစပ္ လိုက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ miss - fire သို႔မဟုတ္ back fire ဆိုတဲ႔ ၿပင္းထန္တဲ႔ explosion ေပါါေပါက္ လာနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ignition period ရဲ႕ operation ရပ္တန္႔ သြားတာနဲ႔ damper flap အလိုအေလၽွာက္ ၿပန္ပြင္႔သြားၿပီး၊ FD fan ဟာ furnace အတြင္း၊ အကုန္အစင္ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းၿခင္းမရိွပဲ၊ ႀကြင္းကၽန္ရိွေနတဲ႔ flue gas ေတြကို၊ ဖယ္ရွားၿပစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;">Operation period -</span></b> main burner မွာ 'မီးစြဲ' ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းမွဳ ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿခင္း ေသၿခာ သြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ burner damper flap ဟာ partial opened အေနအထားၿဖင္႔ ၿပန္ပြင္႔လာပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ 'operation period' ရဲ႕ အစလည္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ burner ဟာ လိုအပ္တဲ႔ desired steam pressure ရရိွလာတဲ႔အထိ၊ မီးထိုးေပးေနမွာ ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ setting pressure သို႔ေရာက္ရိွသြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ fuel supply အား၊ ၿဖတ္ေတာက္လိုက္ၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ operation period ကို အဆံုးသတ္ပါတယ္။ flame detector ဟာ၊ ignition period မွာၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတဲ႔ low flame နဲ႔ high flame တို႔ကို၊ detect လုပ္ရံုတင္မက၊ operation period တေလၽွာက္လံုးမွာလည္း flame ကို detect လုပ္ကာ၊ ေစာင္႔ႀကည္႔ေနပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Post - purging Period -</b></span> fuel supply ၿဖတ္ေတာက္လိုက္ၿခင္းဟာ၊ 'post purging period' အစလည္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ FD fan ဟာ ဆက္လည္ေနမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ burner damper flap ကို fully opened အေနအထားၿဖင္႔ ၿပန္ဖြင္႔ၿပီး၊ furnace အတြင္းမွ၊ flue gas ေတြကို၊ ဖယ္ရွားၿပစ္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Combustion Control (Two-term Controllers - Air Sub-loop & Fuel Sub-loop Method) -</b></span> 'ေရ' ကိုအပူေပးၿပီး steam ထုတ္ယူတဲ႔အခါ၊ fuel အား၊ ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းေစတဲ႔ အတြက္၊ boiler ရဲ႕ မီးေလာင္ခန္း furnace အတြင္းမွာ temperature နဲ႔ pressure ေပါါေပါက္လာပါတယ္။ fuel ကိုေလာင္ကၽြမ္းေစတဲ႔အခါ၊ air ဆိုတဲ႔ 'ေလ နဲ႔ fuel ဆိုတဲ႔ 'ေလာင္စာ' တို႔၊ အခၽိဳးညီစြာေပါင္းစပ္ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ complete combustion ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစရန္ combustion control ကို၊ စနစ္တကၽ ခၽိန္ညွိေပးရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ combustion control ခၽိန္ညွိၿခင္းဟာ၊ damper နဲ႔ fuel ကို ခၽိန္ညွိေပးၿခင္းလည္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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<img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5UyqkNbmA8vyX6O6vffcVxHKUTMcthtDn0Lwq9gnE5_1itISCV4_gNILsVV1c7gCB4lbfhwYFFao2Xo2bBy6Lhz0-fnGmfttk6-UVlYVmtHOOWdWO2o-E1eX05RcrmOPghSViKCIBd1fH/s640/boiler-combustion-control.jpg" width="470" /> </div>
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Combustion Control System </div>
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combustion control ကို၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာမွာ၊ steam flow နဲ႔ steam pressure တို႔ကို၊ control element အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။ combustion control system မွာ steam pressure signal ကို၊ two-term controller သို႔ေပးပို႔ၿပီး၊ desired value ၿဖင္႔နိွဳင္းယွဥ္ပါတယ္။ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ deviation results ေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ summing relay ကို၊ activated ၿဖစ္ေစပါတယ္။ steam flow signal ကိုလည္း၊ summing relay မွ လက္ခံရယူပါတယ္။</div>
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'summing relay' ဟာ ရရိွလာတဲ႔ steam pressure signal နဲ႔ steam flow signal တို႔အပါါ မူတည္ၿပီး၊ out put signal ထုတ္ေပးပါတယ္။ out put signal ဟာ variable desired value signal ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ fuel control and combustion air control loops ရဲ႕ two-term controllers ကို activated ၿဖစ္ေစၿပီး၊ လိုအပ္မယ္႔ burner fuel input requirements ကို adjusted အေနနဲ႔ ခၽိန္ညိွေပးပါတယ္။</div>
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high သို႔မဟုတ္ low signal selector ဟာ၊ boiler ရဲ႕ load အေပါါမွာ မူတည္ၿပီး၊ combustion air flow ကို၊ fuel requirements ထက္၊ အၿမဲပိုမၽား ေနေစရန္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးပါတယ္။ combustion air flow ဟာ၊ fuel requirements ထက္ နည္းေနခဲ႔လၽွင္ boiler exhaust gas မွာ၊ black smokey အေနနဲ႔ မီးခိုးမဲေတြ အေၿမာက္အမၽား ထြက္ေပါါေနမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ boiler ရဲ႕ load အေပါါမွာ မူတည္ၿပီး၊ steam flow အားၿမွင္႔တင္ရန္၊ master signal ကို variable desired signal အေနနဲ႔ high signal selector သို႔ေပးသြင္းၿပီး၊ air sub - loop မွ တဆင္႔၊ combustion air flow ကိုပါ increase အေနနဲ႔ ၿမွင္႔တင္ေပးသလို၊ fuel requirements ကိုလည္း၊ fuel sub - loop မွတဆင္႔၊ ၿမွင္႔တင္ေပးပါတယ္။ air flow ကို increase အေနနဲ႔ အရင္ဆံုးၿမွင္႔တင္ေပးရာမွွာ air flow signal line မွာရိွတဲ႔၊ ratio relay မွ တဆင္႔ ေဆာင္ရြက္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Boiler Efficiency -</b></span> တြက္ယူတဲ႔အခါ၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ fuel အေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး နည္းလမ္း အမၽိဳးမၽိဳးရိွတဲ႔အနက္၊ 'ASME method for Boiler Efficiency Calculation PTC 4' ဆိုတဲ႔ Code ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ အနည္းငယ္ေဖာ္ၿပပါဦးမယ္။</div>
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<img border="0" height="45" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4lQ0pzzjPmdvo33Ir6_rlsW3HbwqM_umN-MI5FwruaLw18LXXFTSFvUjJmzE45MS3cVQqJjRG8uxL6tYUjDKH71FBAoE5lUYhINbPHgEPv9NPenQKeDy2T8RIuohgPu05z9FIGao4uref/s400/efficiency.gif" width="400" /> </div>
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oil fire boiler ရဲ႕ efficiency ကို၊ 'ASME method for Boiler Efficiency Calculation PTC 4' ဆိုတဲ႔ Code အရ၊ အထက္မွာ ေဖာ္ၿပထားတဲ႔ ပံုေသနည္းၿဖင္႔ တြက္ယူနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ 'heat exported by the fluid' ဟာ boiler ရဲ႕ 'output' ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ 'heat provided by the fuel' ကေတာ႔ boiler ရဲ႕ 'input' ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 'ေရ' ကို အပူထုတ္ေပးရာ 'heat export media' အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ <a href="http://enpub.fulton.asu.edu/ece340/pdf/steam_tables.PDF" target="_blank"><b>'Steam Tables'</b></a> မွာ ပါဝင္တဲ႔၊ feed water temperature, exported steam pressure နဲ႔ steam flow rate တို႔ကို ကိုးကားရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<b style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">q = ( m / t ) c<sub>p</sub> dT </span><i><span style="color: black;"> </span> </i></b></div>
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heat exported ကို၊ 'output' အၿဖစ္၊ ယူဆတဲ႔အခါ၊ <b>q</b><i><span style="color: blue;"> </span>= </i>heat exported (kJ/ s, kW), <b>m / t</b><i><span style="color: blue;"> </span>= </i>mass flow (kg/ s), <b>m </b><i>= </i>mass (kg),<b> <span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">t</span> </span></b><i>= </i>time (s),
<b>c<sub>p</sub></b><i> = </i>specific heat capacity (kJ/ kg <sup>o</sup>C), <b>dT </b><i>= </i>temperature difference between inlet and outlet of the boiler ( <sup>o</sup>C) ဆိုၿပီး အထက္ပါ၊ ပံုေသနည္းၿဖင္႔ တြက္ယူနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><b>q = ( m / t ) h<sub>e</sub></b></span></div>
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'ေရ' ကို အပူေပးစဥ္၊ အေငြ႔ၿပန္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ heat saturation temperature မွာရိွမယ္႔ heat export <b>'q' </b>ကို၊ အထက္ပါ ပံုေသနည္းၿဖင္႔ တြက္ယူနိဳင္ၿပီး၊ <b>m </b><i>= </i>mass flow of evaporated water (kg), <b>t </b><i>= </i>time (s), <b>h<sub>e</sub> </b><i>= </i><b><i> </i><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/saturated-steam-properties-d_457.html">evaporation energy in the steam</a></span></b><i> </i>at the saturation pressure the boiler is running (kJ/ kg) အၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
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'heat provided by fuel' ဆိုတဲ႔ boiler 'input' အတြက္ေပးသြင္းတဲ႔ fuel ကို၊ <span style="color: blue;">'Gross'</span> သို႔မဟုတ္ <span style="color: blue;">'Net Calorific Value'</span> အေနနဲ႔ေဖာ္ၿပပါတယ္။ oil fired boiler ေတြမွာ၊ ေလာင္စာအၿဖစ္ အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ <b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html">Gross Calorific Values of some common Fuels</a></span></b><span style="color: blue;"> </span>အခၽိဳ႕ရဲ႕ <span style="color: blue;">'Gross Calorific Value'</span> မွာ၊ burner အတြင္း flue gases ေတြအေနနဲ႔ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာမွဳကို၊ ထည္႔သြင္းစဥ္းစားၿခင္း မရိွတဲ႔အတြက္၊ 'input' ကို fuel ရဲ႕ 'Gross Calorific Value' တန္ဘိုးၿဖင္႔ တြက္ယူတဲ႔အခါ၊ boiler မွာ ရရိွလာမယ္႔ 'actual heat amount' ပမာဏ ေလၽွာ႔နည္းသြားတာကို ေတြ႔ရမွာ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <br />
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<img border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQIdVGn5tX_xa9qgPZgvqsNQcG64BS4frsa32TncIWO0laX1Y9sWus9e-Yo_0DE-7Ln5c_HlsJiXGZkdE8QOvNf4uyhLxnGWlQx3UXyW-6jV2Lgl_8u_ZrkVZ_PjDkxqfC3dffUoZGhJW8/s640/Gross+1.gif" width="640" /> </div>
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Gross Calorific Value for 'Fuel' </div>
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<img border="0" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWLXbTab4GBaDQA59jH1ijVJK4dk79kl-95B_K0JvhYATNPdSMPD1pqcqZeyIkFu4mxSTUTJm2nCzuOYoJ8dR1EK7pyYkDs-11SWVYF5t39fm5E84mc9BYn3qX-birAFPnNdc4bMegLPRG/s640/Gross+2.gif" width="640" /> </div>
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<i><b> <span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Gross Calorific Value for 'Gas' </div>
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boiler ရဲ႕ efficiency ဟာ၊ furnace အတြင္းေပးသြင္းတဲ႔ supply air flow အေပါါမွာလည္း၊ မူတည္ပါတယ္။ supply air flow ပမာဏ 'မၽား' တဲ႔အခါ၊ useful heat ကို ဖယ္ထုတ္မွာၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ပမာဏ 'နည္း' တဲ႔အခါမွာေတာ႔၊ incomplete combustion မွတဆင္႔ မီးမေလာင္ေသးတဲ႔ unburned fuel ေတြနဲ႔ smoke ေတြ ေပါါေပါက္လာမွာ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinZc_gF46maesZrZWOQIaA9YxYcTZ7wOkBL43zg9LpVYXgFqOOmviwTiJSOInKMtAFuvMbk0oFjOhbs6acu1trcfqYTL0zXv-2tGyKZXgTBxzgRNxvQEPkE04nPvmxaCbMoZ_Z7st1EDMu/s1600/Equation_3_6_b.gif" /> </div>
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'Net calorific value' မွာေတာ႔၊ combustion process အတြင္းၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတဲ႔ water vapor discharged ေတြပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ 'combustion process' ကို၊ အထက္ပါ ပံုေသနည္းၿဖင္႔ ေဖာ္ၿပၿပီး၊ <b>C</b> = carbon, <b>H</b> = hydrogen, <b>O</b> = oxygen, <b>N</b> = nitrogen အၿဖစ္၊ သတ္မွတ္နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<b>Net Calorific Value = (Gross Calorific Value) - 10 %</b></div>
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'Net Calorific Value' နဲ႔ 'Gross Calorific Value' တို႔ရဲ႕၊ အနီးစပ္ဆံုး ဆက္သြယ္ခၽက္ကို၊ အထက္မွာ ေဖာ္ၿပထားပါတယ္။ oil fire boiler ေတြမွာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ fuel ေတြရဲ႕ BTU Content ပမာဏေတြကေတာ႔ No. 1 Oil = 13, 7400 BTU per Gallon, No. 2 Oil = 13, 9600 BTU per Gallon, No. 3 Oil = 14, 1800 BTU per Gallon, No. 4 Oil = 14, 5100 BTU per Gallon, No. 5 Oil = 14, 8800 BTU per Gallon, No. 6 Oil = 15, 2400 BTU per Gallon, Natural Gas = 9, 50 - 1, 050 BTU per cu. ft, Propane = 2, 550 BTU per cu. ft နဲ႔ Butane = 3, 200 BTU per cu. ft တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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boiler တလံုးမွာ အေကာင္းဆံုး efficiency ရရိွရန္၊ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ 'perfect combustion' ဆိုတဲ႔၊ 'stoichiometric combustion' ရရိွနိဳင္ရန္၊ လက္ေတြ႔မွာ ခက္ခဲတာကိုေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ fuel ဟာ combustion ၿဖစ္တဲ႔အခါ၊ carbon, hydrogen နဲ႔ oxygen molecules ေတြ ေပါါေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ အခၽိဳ႕ oxygen molecules ေတြဟာ၊ nitrogen molecules ေတြနဲ႔ေပါင္းစပ္ကာ၊ nitrogen oxides ကိုၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ furnace အတြင္းသို႔၊ 'excess air' ကို၊ လံုေလာက္စြာေပးသြင္းၿပီး၊ complete combustion ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစမွသာ၊ အေကာင္းဆံုး 'efficiency' ကိုရနိဳင္မွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">'closed loop system' ကိုအသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ boiler ေတြမွာ oxygen sensor တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ oxygen analyzer ေတြကို တတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ combustion air damper ကို steeper motor ၿဖင္႔ control အေနနဲ႔ ထိမ္းညိွေပးပါတယ္။ 'opened loop system' ကို အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ boiler ေတြမွာေတာ႔၊ cams ေတြနဲ႔ levers ေတြကို တတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ combustion air damper အား၊ control အေနနဲ႔ ထိမ္းညိွေပးပါတယ္။ air/ fuel mixture ratio ကို ထိန္းညွိတဲ႔ burner ေတြမွာ၊ အေကာင္းဆံုး efficiency ကိုရရိွေစရန္၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြကို၊ ပံုမွန္ calibrated လုပ္ေပးဖို႔ လိုပါတယ္။ </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">နိဳင္ငံေပါင္း (၁၆၀) သေဘာတူ လက္မွတ္ေရးထိုးထားတဲ႔၊ 'Kyoto Agreement of 1997' လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔၊ သဘာဝ ပတ္ဝန္းကၽင္ ထိမ္းသိမ္းေရးဆိုင္ရာ သေဘာတူညီခၽက္ ဟာလည္း၊ residual low - grade fuel oil ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔၊ boiler ေတြနဲ႔ လာေရာက္ သက္ဆိုင္ေနတာ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ 'Climate Change Programme' အရ ေရးဆြဲခဲ႔တဲ႔၊ 'Kyoto Agreement of 1997' ကိုေလ့လာႀကည္႔လၽွင္၊ atmosphere အတြင္းသို႔ harmful gases ေတြ ထုတ္လြွင္႔မွဳကို၊ (80 %) အထိ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽရန္ ရည္ရြယ္ထားတာ ေတြ႔ရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ နွစ္ကာလအပိုင္းအၿခား အလိုက္ non - polluting energy sources ေတြကို အစားထိုးအသံုးၿပဳရန္ သတ္မွတ္ထားပါတယ္။ </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">မူလကတည္းက low - grade fuel oil တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ high sulpher content HFO ဆိုတဲ႔ 'မီးထိုးဆီအပၽစ္' ေတြကို၊ စီးပြားေရးအရ တြက္ေၿခကိုက္ရန္ ေလာင္စာ အၿဖစ္ သံုးစြဲထားတဲ႔ marine used boiler ေတြမွာ၊ efficiency ေကာင္းေစရန္နဲ႔၊ ထုတ္ၿပန္သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ နည္းဥပေဒေတြ နဲ႔ ကိုက္ညီေစရန္၊ ၿပဳၿပင္ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳေတြ ေဆာင္ရြက္ဖို႔၊ လိုအပ္လာပါတယ္။ </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"> 'ေလထုညစ္ညမ္းမွဳ' ဆိုတဲ႔ 'air pollution' ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစတဲ႔ mono-nitrogen oxide တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ nitric oxide (NO) နဲ႔
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) အစရိွတဲ႔ NOx ေတြနဲ႔ပက္သက္ၿပီး၊ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽနိဳင္ရန္၊
'Emission standards' ေတြကို၊ သတ္မွတ္ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။ nitrogen oxides
(NOx), sulfur oxides, particulate matter (PM) လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ soot နဲ႔
carbon monoxide (CO) သို႔မဟုတ္ volatile hydrocarbons ေတြေႀကာင္႔ air
pollution ၿဖစ္ေပါါရပါတယ္။ ဖန္လံုအိမ္ အာနိသင္ဆိုတဲ႔ 'greenhouse effect'
ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစတဲ႔ nitrous oxide (N2O) နဲ႔ ေလထုညစ္ညမ္းမွဳ ဆိုတဲ႔ 'air pollution' ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစတဲ႔ (NOx) တို႔ကို၊ ေရာေထြး မွတ္သားတတ္ပါတယ္။ </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">'NOx'
ထြက္ေပါါလာမယ္႔ primary sources ေတြကို thermal NOx, fuel NOx နဲ႔ prompt
NOx ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ 'thermal NOx' ဟာ၊ high temperature oxidation
ေႀကာင္႔ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿပီး၊ hydrocarbon molecules ေတြဟာ carboxylic acids
အၿဖစ္၊ converted အေနနဲ႔ အသြင္ကူးေၿပာင္းသြားၿခင္းကို 'oxidation'
လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ 'fuel NOx' ကေတာ႔ ေလာင္စာေတြ မီးေလာင္ေပါက္ကြဲမွဳ combustion
ေႀကာင္႔ ၿဖစ္ေပါါပါတယ္။ fuel NOx ဟာ NOx ထြက္ေပါါမယ္႔ အဓိက major source
ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 'Prompt Nox' ကေတာ႔ ေလာင္စာေတြရဲ႕ မီးေလာင္ေပါက္ကြဲမွဳအစ
တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ combustion ရဲ႕ earliest stage မွာ ၿဖစ္ေပါါပါတယ္။ </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> low pressure air atomized burner</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">boiler ရဲ႕ furnace အတြင္း incomplete combustion အေနနဲဲ႔ အကုန္အစင္ ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းမွဳမၿဖစ္ေပါါပဲ၊ ႀကြင္းကၽန္ရစ္ခဲ႔တဲ႔ flue gas ေတြကို၊ minimum excess air ေပးသြင္းၿပီး၊ optimum combustion အၿဖစ္၊ ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းေစရန္ burner design ပံုသ႑န္အား၊ ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳေတြ ၿပဳလုပ္လာတာကို ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ flue gas ကၽန္ရိွေနမွဳကို၊ 'sophisticated electronic control system' မွေစာင္႔ႀကည္႔ၿပီး၊ fuel နဲ႔ air flow ကို လိုအပ္သလို အလိုအေလၽွာက္ထိန္းညွိေပးတဲ႔ စနစ္ကိုလည္း တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳလာႀကပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ boiler turn - down ratios လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ 'maximum and minimum firing rates' အတြင္းမွာ၊ efficiency နဲ႔ emission rate ကို၊ ထိန္းညွိၿခင္း ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">boiler မီးထိုးစဥ္ combustion process အတြင္း၊ losses ေတြၿဖစ္ေပါါၿပီး၊ losses ေတြကို၊ flue gas မွာၿဖစ္ေပါါတဲ႔ heat losses နဲ႔ boiler insulation ေႀကာင္႔ၿဖစ္ေပါါတဲ႔ radiation losses ဆိုၿပီး၊ ေတြ႔နိဳင္ပါတယ္။ burner နဲ႔ damper တို႔ရဲ႕ mechanism ပိုင္းမွာ၊ setting ေတြ လြဲမွားေနၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔၊ boiler အတြက္ လိုအပ္တဲ႔ specific load ထက္ပိုၿပီး၊ burner မီးထိုးေပးေနရတဲ႔အခါ၊ furnace အတြင္းမွာ အပူခၽိန္ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔ flue gas ေတြၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ hot gas လို႔ေခါါၿပီး၊ efficiency ကို ကၽဆင္းေစပါတယ္။ boiler ရဲ႕ heat transfer surface ေတြကို၊ ပံုမွန္သန္႔ရွင္းေရးမေဆာင္ရြက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ contaminated ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿပီး၊ burner ဟာ၊ မီးထိုးေပမယ္႔ လိုအပ္တဲ႔ required heat transferring အပူကူးေၿပာင္းမွဳကို၊ အၿပည္႔အဝ မေဆာင္ရြက္နိဳင္ၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔လည္း efficiency ကၽဆင္းပါတယ္။ </span></span><br />
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flue gas ဟာ dew point အမွတ္ေအာက္ေရာက္ေနေအာင္ cooled အေနနဲ႔ 'ေအး' ေနခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ contaminated ဆိုတဲ႔၊ formation ေတြကို၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ boiler မီးထိုးတဲ႔အခါ combustion air flow မွာပါဝင္လာတဲ႔၊ nitrogen ေႀကာင္႔၊ nitric acid ဓါတ္နဲ႔၊ ေလာင္စာအၿဖစ္အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ high sulpher content low-grade heavy fuel oil မီးထိုးဆီတို႔ေႀကာင္႔၊ sulphuric acid ဓါတ္ေတြဟာ၊ formation အေနနဲ႔ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာသလို၊ boiler ရဲ႕ အတြင္းအစိတ္အပိုင္း internal parts ေတြမွာ၊ corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစနိဳင္ၿပီး 'flue gas dew point corrosion' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span class="figure" style="color: black;"><i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Typical net boiler efficiencies</span><br />
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<span class="figure" style="color: black;">boiler ဟာ အပူရိွန္ရိွေနတဲ႔အတြက္၊ ေဘးပတ္ဝန္းကၽင္သို႔ heat radiation အေနနဲ႔ အနည္းနဲ႔အမၽား အပူၿဖာထြက္ပါတယ္။ heat radiation ေႀကာင္႔ heat losses ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာၿပီး၊ insulation ေတြ၊ ေပါက္ၿပဲေနခဲ႔လၽွင္ သို႔မဟုတ္ poorly installed insulation ဆိုတဲ႔ လံုေလာက္တဲ႔ insulation ေတြကို အသံုးမၿပဳခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ heat losses ပမာဏ ပိုမၽားလာနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ well - insulated အေနနဲ႔ လံုေလာက္တဲ႔ insulation ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ 5.0 MW capacity water-tube boiler တလံုးဟာ၊ ေဘးပတ္ဝန္းကၽင္ကို၊ အပူၿဖာထြက္မွဳေႀကာင္႔ (0.3 ~ 05 %) ခန္႔ energy losses ပမာဏရိွတာေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Reference and image credit to :</b></i></span> Steam Engineering Tutorials, http://www.steamesteem.com/, </span></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-27433837978169281102013-05-20T05:03:00.000-07:002013-05-29T15:27:33.435-07:00"Oil Fired Drum Type Water Tube Boiler နဲ႔ Boiler Feed Water"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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water drum ဆိုတဲ႔ pressure vessel အတြင္းမွ၊ "ေရ" level ကို အလြယ္တကူ 'ႀကည္႔' နိဳင္ေစရန္၊ sight glass (၂) ခုကို၊ drum ေဘးတဖက္တခၽက္စီမွာ၊ အလၽွားလိုက္အၿပိဳင္ vertically installed အေနအထားၿဖင္႔ တတ္ဆင္ထားႀက ပါတယ္။ sight glass arrangement နဲ႔ water drum ကို၊ tube ပိုက္ အေသးစားေလးၿဖင္႔ ဆက္သြယ္ထားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ drum အတြင္းမွ၊ "ေရ" level ဟာ၊ dumping function ၿဖင္႔၊ ေဘာင္ဘင္ခတ္ကာ၊ လွဳပ္ရွားခဲ႔လၽွင္လည္း၊ sight glass မွာ fluctuated ဆိုတဲ႔ လွဳပ္ခတ္ၿခင္းၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳ နည္းပါးမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ "ေရ" level ကို 'တိုင္းတာ' ရာမွာေတာ႔ differential pressure transmitter, float နဲ႔ level prob လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ conductivity or capacitance prob ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။</div>
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သေဘ္ာမွာသံုးတဲ႔ "Marine Boiler" ေတြရဲ႕ water drum level ဟာ၊ လိွဳင္းေလဒါဏ္ေႀကာင္႔ "Industrial Boiler" ေတြထက္ပိုၿပီး၊ fluctuated ၿဖစ္လြယ္ ပါတယ္။ အမွန္တကယ္ actual low level ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳေသၿခာေစရန္၊ စကၠန္႔ (၃၀) ခန္႔ time delay ထားၿပီး၊ အခၽိန္ဆိုင္းကာ alarm ကို activated ၿဖစ္ေစပါတယ္။ တခၽိဳ႕ boiler ေတြမွာေတာ႔ water drum ရဲ႕ တဖက္တခၽက္စီမွာ level electrode ေတြကို၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie5kR9r56bgPR7gxDuShKoHkNzxY1s64fXu8wm8IKrd4a_ekGHnTLkX0wmjQOsQJ5RaLeeTF_hsqh55uwypU8x9Urw9B3VfTFvRMyOXvVG8PAQk8SaJAailasN0zeZVPZmp0ZBS948KWbJ/s1600/Fig_3_15_3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie5kR9r56bgPR7gxDuShKoHkNzxY1s64fXu8wm8IKrd4a_ekGHnTLkX0wmjQOsQJ5RaLeeTF_hsqh55uwypU8x9Urw9B3VfTFvRMyOXvVG8PAQk8SaJAailasN0zeZVPZmp0ZBS948KWbJ/s1600/Fig_3_15_3.gif" /> </a></div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Water level difference in the gauge glass</span> </div>
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boiler ကို စတင္မီးထိုးတဲ႔အခါ၊ steam outlet line ကိုပိတ္ထားၿပီး၊ pressure vessel ထဲမွာအလိုရိွတဲ႔ steam pressure ရလာမွသာ၊ ၿပန္ဖြင္႔ရပါတယ္။ မီးစတင္ ထိုးကာစမွာ low steam pressure အေၿခအေနၿဖစ္ေပါါေနၿပီး၊ pressure vessel မွာ air bubbles ေတြရိွေနပါတယ္။ အဲဒီအခၽိန္မွာ water level sight glass နဲ႔ water drum ကိုဆက္သြယ္ထားတဲ႔ tube ရဲ႕ inner heat transfer media ဟာ၊ "ေလ" ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ air bubbles ေတြေႀကာင္႔ tube မွာ အပူခၽိန္လြန္ကဲမွဳ over heated ေပါါေပါက္ကာ၊ deformed အေနနဲ႔ ပံုသ႑န္ပၽက္စီးသြားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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tube ရဲ႕ over heat limit ဟာ၊ (250 ° C.) ခန္႔ရိွပါတယ္။ steam pressure 5 kg/ cm2 ခန္႔မွာ ၿဖစ္ေပါါတဲ႔ air bubble ပမာဏဟာေသးငယ္ပါတယ္။ water level အေပါါမွာ Pressure 5kg/ cm2 ရိွေနတဲ႔အတြက္၊ bubble ေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ level fluctuated condition ကို၊ လၽစ္လၽဴရွဴနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<b><i><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></i></b> Water level sight glass </div>
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steam pressure 5 Kg/ cm2 ေႀကာင္႔ sight glass ရဲ႕ upper section မွာ 5
Kg/ cm2 ရိွေနၿပီး၊ lower section မွာေတာ႔ 5 kg/ cm2 + water level =
(5kg/ cm2 + 1000 mmH2O) ႐ွိပါတယ္။ sight glass ရဲ႕ upper section နဲ႔ lower
section တို႔ရဲ႕ pressure differential ဟာ water level ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ sight glass ရဲ႕ lower sensing point ဟာ၊ water drum base ရဲ႕အထက္ 500 mm မွာ ရိွခဲ႔လၽွင္ actual water level ဟာ (1000 mm + 500 mm ) = 1500 mm ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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boiler feed water ဟာ system အတြင္းမွာ states မၽားေၿပာင္းလဲကာ၊ circulating ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ေနၿပီးအေႀကာင္း အမၽိဳးမၽိဳးေႀကာင္႔ impurities ဆိုတဲ႔၊ ေရမွာေပၽာ္ဝင္ေနမယ္႔ အရာဝထၳဳေတြနဲ႔ undissolved solids ဆိုတဲ႔၊ ေရမွာ မေပၽာ္ဝင္နိဳင္တဲ႔ အစိုင္အခဲေတြ ေရာေနွာ ပါဝင္ေနပါတယ္။ impurities ေတြကို ခြဲၿခားႀကည္႔တဲ႔အခါ၊ oxygen, carbon dioxide နဲ႔ ammonia လို dissolved gas မၽား၊ carbonate နဲ႔ bicarbonate hydroxide content ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ acidity သို႔မဟုတ္ alkalinity မၽား၊ calcium နဲ႔ magnesium salts ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ hardness မၽား၊ steam ကို condenser မွာအေအးခံတဲ႔အခါ condenser tube ေတြမွတဆင္႔၊ sea water ထဲမွာၿဖတ္သန္းခဲ႔ရတဲ႔အတြက္၊ အေႀကာင္းတခုခုေႀကာင္႔ sea water ingress ဆိုတဲ႔ ပင္လယ္ေရ စိမ္႔ဝင္ေရာေနွာမွဳကေန၊ ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ chlorine content မၽားနဲ႔ boiler feed water ကိုပံုမွန္၊ blow down မလုပ္ပဲ အခၽိန္ႀကာၿမင္႔စြာ အသံုးၿပဳမွဳေႀကာင္႔ 'အနယ္' အၿဖစ္၊ ေရာေနွာပါဝင္ေနတဲ႔ impurities မၽားဆိုၿပီး ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ </div>
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impurities ေတြနဲ႔ undissolved solids ေတြဟာ boiler ရဲ႕ internal parts ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ tubes ေတြနဲ႔ internal fittings ေတြမွာ scale နဲ႔ corrosion ေတြ၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစတတ္ပါတယ္။ boiler feed water ဆိုတဲ႔ boiler သံုးေရမွာေပၽာ္ဝင္ေနေလ႔ရိွတဲ႔ impurities ေတြကေတာ႔၊ calcium carbonate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium sulphate, calcium chloride, magnesium carbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, magnesium sulphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphate နဲ႔ silicon dioxide တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate နဲ႔ magnesium bicarbonate စတဲ႔ impurities ေတြဟာ၊ soft scale ကိုၿဖစ္ေပါါေစၿပီး၊ calcium bicarbonate ကေတာ႔ soft scale သာမက၊ carbon dioxide ကိုပါၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ calcium sulphate နဲ႔ silicon dioxide ဟာ hard scale ကို၊ ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစၿပီး၊ calcium chloride, magnesium sulphate နဲ႔ magnesium bicarbonate တို႔ကေတာ႔ corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။<br />
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sodium chloride ဟာ၊ electrolysis ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစၿပီး၊ sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate နဲ႔ sodium hydroxide ကေတာ႔ alkalinity ကို ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ sodium bicarbonate ဟာ၊ foaming ဆိုတဲ႔ အၿမွဳတ္ေတြၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ alkaline သို႔မဟုတ္ temporary hardness ဟာ CO<sub>2</sub> နဲ႔ H<sub>2</sub>O ေပါင္းစပ္ရာမွ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတဲ႔၊ carbonate acid နဲ႔ calcium carbonate ေတြေပါင္းစပ္ရာမွ ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ calcium bicarbonate တို႔မွတဆင္႔၊ ၿဖစ္ပြားလာပါတယ္။<br />
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တဖန္ boiler feed water ထဲမွ၊ alkaline သို႔မဟုတ္ temporary hardness ဟာ အပူေပးခံရတဲ႔အခါ၊ calcium carbonate နဲ႔ ေရ အၿဖစ္ၿပိဳကြဲသလို၊ magnesium bicarbonate ဟာလည္း၊ အပူေပးခံရတဲ႔ အခါ၊ magnesium carbonate နဲ႔ ေရ အၿဖစ္ၿပိဳကြဲၿပီး၊ non-alkaline သို႔မဟုတ္ permanent hardness ဆိုတဲ႔ Scale + Carbonic Acid ကိုၿဖစ္ေပါါေစပါတယ္။ alkaline သို႔မဟုတ္ temporary hardness နဲ႔ non-alkaline သို႔မဟုတ္ permanent hardness တို႔ ေပါင္းစပ္ရာမွ၊ total hardness ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။<br />
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boiler feed water အတြင္းမွ၊ sodium bicarbonate ဟာ၊ အပူေပးစဥ္ sodium carbonate, CO<sub>2</sub> နဲ႔ H<sub>2</sub>O အၿဖစ္ ၿပိဳကြဲသြားပါတယ္။ ၿပိဳကြဲသြားတဲ႔ sodium carbonate နဲ႔ H<sub>2</sub>O တို႔ဟာ၊ အပူေပးစဥ္ sodium hydroxide နဲ႔ CO<sub>2</sub> ေပါင္းစပ္ထားတဲ႔ non-scale forming salts ေတြအၿဖစ္၊ ေပါါေပါက္ လာပါတယ္။ အပူေပးေနတဲ႔ heating process အတြင္း၊ non-scale forming salts ေတြနဲ႔ total hardness တို႔ေပါင္းစပ္သြားကာ၊ TDS ဆိုတဲ႔ total dissolves solids မၽားအၿဖစ္၊ ဖြဲ႔စည္း ေပါါေပါက္လာပါတယ္။ <br />
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boiler ရဲ႕ internal parts ေတြမွာ scale နဲ႔ corrosion မၽားၿဖစ္ေပါါၿခင္းမွ တားဆီး ကာကြယ္ရန္၊ boiler water testing treatment ေတြကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ boiler မီးထိုးရာမွရရိွလာတဲ႔ super heated steam တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ dry steam ဟာ၊ states အမၽိဳးမၽိဳးၿဖတ္သန္းၿပီး၊ condenser မွာ condensate အေနနဲ႔ 'ေငြ႔ရည္' စုဖြဲ႔စဥ္၊ steam ေတြလည္း ေရာေနွာပါဝင္ေနေသးတဲ႔အတြက္ de-aerator Tank သို႔မဟုတ္ cascade tank မွာထပ္မံၿပီး၊ condensate ၿဖစ္ေစပါတယ္။ cascade tank မွာ condensate ၿဖစ္ၿပီးမွ၊ 'ေရ' အၿဖစ္သို႔ ေၿပာင္းလဲလာတဲ႔ boiler feed water ကို၊ sample ယူတဲ႔အခါ၊ (25 ံ C.) ခန္႔ အပူခၽိန္ရိွတဲ႔ နမူနာေရ boiler sample water ဟာ၊ စမ္းသတ္ရန္အတြက္ အေကာင္း ဆံုးၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">'Dissolved oxygen' -</span> ဆိုတဲ႔ oxygen ပါဝင္မွဳ တိုင္းတာစစ္ေဆးၿခင္းကို 'Indigo Carmine Method' လို႔ေခါါဆိုၿပီး၊ oxygen analyzer ကဲ႔သို႔၊ testing equipment ေတြတိုင္းတာ စစ္ေဆးနိဳင္သလို၊ carmine သုတ္လိမ္းထားတဲ႔ strip အေခၽာင္းေလးေတြကို၊ နမူနာေရ boiler sample water ထဲမွာ၊ နွစ္ႀကည္႔ၿပီး၊ အေရာင္ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳအား reference အေနနဲ႔ ေဖာ္ၿပေပးထားတဲ႔ ဇယားမွာ၊ တိုက္ဆိုင္ႀကည္႔ၿပီးေတာ႔လည္း၊ စစ္ေဆးနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">'Alkalinity' -</span> ပါဝင္မွဳ အခၽိဳးအစားကို စစ္ေဆးတဲ႔အခါ၊ 'Litmus papers' စကၠဴစေလးေတြကို၊ နမူနာေရထဲမွာ နွစ္ႀကည္႔ၿပီး၊ အေရာင္ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳမွတဆင္႔ စစ္ေဆးခဲ႔ရာမွ၊ electronic instrument ၿဖစ္တဲ႔၊ hand-held conductivity meter ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ ပိုမိုတိကၽစြာ တိုင္းတာစစ္ေဆးနိဳင္လာပါတယ္။ hand-held conductivity meter ကို အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ တိကၽတဲ႔ pH level ကို တိုင္းတာနိဳင္ေစရန္၊ buffer liquids တမၽိဳးကိုအသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ calibrated အေနနဲ႔ ခၽိန္ညိွၿပီးမွ၊ စစ္ေဆးသင္႔ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> closed loop electronic TDS control system</span> </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'TDS' -</span> ဆိုတဲ႔ total dissolved solids ေတြပါဝင္မွဳကို၊ တိုင္းတာစစ္ေဆးတဲ႔အခါ၊
နည္းလမ္းမၽိဳးစံုအသံုးၿပဳခဲ႔ႀကပါတယ္။ ယေန႔ေခါါတ္မွာေတာ႔ boiler water
အတြင္း၊ ေရာေနွာ ပါဝင္ေနတဲ႔ dissolved minerals ေတြနဲ႔ salts ေတြရဲ႕
conductivity ကိုတိုင္းတာၿပီး၊ ppm ဆိုတဲ႔ pulse per million
အခၽိဳးအစားၿဖင္႔ နိွဳင္းယွဥ္ေဖာ္ၿပနိဳင္တဲ႔ electronic instrument
ေတြကိုအသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Dissolved gas of Oxygen and CO2' -</span> ပံုမွန္အားၿဖင္႔ de-aerator tank သို႔မဟုတ္ cascade tank မွာ၊ condensate ၿဖစ္ရင္း၊ အေနနဲ႔ 'ေငြ႔ရည္' စုဖြဲ႔စဥ္၊ dissolved gas ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ oxygen နဲ႔ တို႔ဟာ အေငြ႔ပၽံသြားႀကပါတယ္။ အခၽိဳ႕ boiler ေတြမွာ၊ monitoring လုပ္နိဳင္ေစရန္ Oxygen နဲ႕ CO<sub>2</sub> Analyzer ေတြကို၊ permanently အေနနဲ႔ တတ္ဆင္ထားႀကၿပီး၊ Oxygen နဲ႔ CO<sub>2</sub> တို႔ပါဝင္မွဳကို အၿမဲတမ္း၊ တိုင္းတာစစ္ေဆးေနပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ ၿမင္႔မားေနပါက၊ boiler ရဲ႕ blow down valve ကိုဖြင္႔ခၽၿပီး၊ steam ပမာဏအား ေလၽွာ႔ခၽယူပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span class="figure"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Timer controlled automatic bottom blowdown valve</span> </div>
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boiler water drum မွာ ေလၽွာ႔နည္းသြားတဲ႔ 'ေရ' ကိုေတာ႔ boiler make up water မွၿပန္လည္ၿဖည္႔သြင္းၿပီးပါတယ္။ မၽားေသာအားၿဖင္႔ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ boiler make up water အၿဖစ္၊ fresh water generator မွတဆင္႔ရရိွလာတဲ႔၊ sea distilled water ကို အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ တခၽိဳ႕ boiler ေတြမွာ cascade tank အတြင္း Oxygen နဲ႔ CO<sub>2 </sub>အား၊ ဖယ္ရွားတဲ႔နည္းလမ္းအၿပင္ boiler ရဲ႕ blow down valve ကို partially open အေနအထားၿဖင္႔၊ အနည္းငယ္ဖြင္႔ထားၿပီး၊ hot well အတြင္းသို႔ 'steam' အၿဖစ္၊ အဆက္မၿပတ္ blow down လုပ္ကာ၊ 'ေရ' အၿဖစ္နဲ႔ cascade tank သို႔၊ ၿပန္လည္ ေပးပို႔သလို၊ တခၽိဳ႕ boiler ေတြမွာေတာ႔ engine boom bilges အတြင္းသို႔ steam အၿဖစ္၊ အဆက္မၿပတ္ blow down လုပ္ကာ၊ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽယူပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Alkalinity' -</span> boiler feed water အတြက္၊ အေကာင္းဆံုး (pH) level ကေတာ႔ (8.5 pH) ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ pH ပမာဏေလၽွာ႔နည္းသြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ acid ဓါတ္ေတြပိုမၽားလာတဲ႔အတြက္၊ boiler tubes ေတြနဲ႔ boiler ရဲ႕ internal structure ေတြမွာ၊ corrosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBuXoprAvjXMRj5ykMqonIK1aDJ-n8elOhmYQ81wz61i4Qj3qDEFBzoUOBwvC6EZtxtuN2PyYZvM8zgIlV_YKEE3Y0rzGXobFY0KCOhb_9ZaZd6MGJF7OFtg7KPDWjj1ua_lj2JWN149SM/s1600/pHcont1.gif.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBuXoprAvjXMRj5ykMqonIK1aDJ-n8elOhmYQ81wz61i4Qj3qDEFBzoUOBwvC6EZtxtuN2PyYZvM8zgIlV_YKEE3Y0rzGXobFY0KCOhb_9ZaZd6MGJF7OFtg7KPDWjj1ua_lj2JWN149SM/s400/pHcont1.gif.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Fig.</span></b></i> Scaling Composition </div>
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ဒါ႔အၿပင္ boiler water အတြင္း၊ acid ဓါတ္ေရာေနွာပါဝင္ေနတဲ႔ အခါ corrosion သာမက၊ scaling ေတြလည္း၊ ၿဖစ္ပြားလာနိဳင္ၿပီး၊ alkalinity ဆိုတဲ႔ pH level ကို၊ ထိမ္းညွိထားနိဳင္ရန္၊ sodium phosphate soda ကို၊ ထည္႔သြင္းေရာစပ္ေလ့ ရိွပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Hardness' -</span> boiler feed water အတြင္း၊ calcium နဲ႔ magnesium မၽား၊ ၿမင္႔မားစြာပါဝင္ေနၿခင္းမွတဆင္႔ ေပါါေပါက္လာၿပီး၊ hardness ေႀကာင္႔ boiler tubes ေတြနဲ႔ internal structure ေတြမွာ၊ scaling ေတြၿဖစ္ေပါါလာပါတယ္။ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ 'Polymers 'အမၽိဳးအစား ဒါမွမဟုတ္ carbonates နဲ႔ phosphates ေတြအသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ scaling ေတြကို၊ ဖယ္ရွားေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">'Chlorine Content' -</span> chlorine ေႀကာင္႔ boiler နဲ႔ condenser မွ tube ေတြေပါက္ၿပီး၊ leak ၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ 'salino meter' တတ္ဆင္ အသံုးၿပဳၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ boiler feed water အတြင္း၊ chlorine ပါဝင္မွဳကို၊ တိုင္းတာ စစ္ေဆးနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ tube ေတြေပါက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ ယာယီ အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ရန္၊ leak ၿဖစ္ေပါါေနတဲ႔ tube အား၊ plug in အေနနဲ႔ blank လုပ္ေလ့ရိွသလို၊ စုစုေပါင္း tubes အရည္အတြက္ရဲ႕ (10 %) ေလာက္အထိသာ၊ blank အေနနဲ႔ ေဆာင္ရြက္သင္႔ ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Reference and image credit to :</b></i></span> Steam Engineering Tutorials</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-45967194584217351302013-05-18T20:54:00.000-07:002013-05-18T20:54:25.375-07:00"Non-ballast Ship"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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သေဘ္ာထဲမွာ ေရၿဖည္႔သြင္းၿပီး၊ သြားလာခုတ္မာင္းၿခင္းကို 'water ballast' လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာသြားလာခုတ္ေမာင္းမွဳေႀကာင္႔ ေပါါေပါက္လာတဲ႔ lateral forces ကို၊ resist အေနနဲ႔ ခုခံနိဳင္မယ္႔ movement ရရိွလာေစရန္၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၿခင္း ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၿပင္းထန္တဲ႔ေလတိုက္နံွဳး excessively in high winds အႀကား၊ သြားလာခုတ္ေမာင္းေနစဥ္၊ insufficiently ballasted အေနနဲ႔ လံုေလာက္စြာ ေရၿဖည္႔သြင္းထားၿခင္း မရိွတဲ႔အခါ၊ tend to tip တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ ‘heel’ ဆိုတဲ႔ တိမ္းေစာင္းမွဳ ေပါါေပါက္နိဳင္ၿပီး၊ heel ပမာဏမၽားရာမွ၊ သေဘ္ာတိမ္းေမွာက္မွဳ ‘capsizing’ ၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<br />ကုန္မပါပဲ without cargo voyage အၿဖစ္သြားလာတဲ႔အခါ၊ သေဘ္္ာကို upright အေနနဲ႔ တည္႔မတ္စြာ၊ ရိွေနေစရန္၊ ေရအနည္းငယ္ၿဖည္႔သြင္းထားတဲ႔ ballast အေနအထားၿဖင္႔၊ ခုတ္ေမာင္းႀကၿပီး၊ ကုန္တင္တဲ႔အခါမွာေတာ႔ de-ballast အၿဖစ္၊ ၿဖည္႔သြင္းထားတဲ႔ေရေတြကို၊ ၿပန္လည္စြန္႔ထုတ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJhIhpdJjy3GSb1OSH2iJ3BVfVkJb_w9j2WSfrBQUvS3UHMAT9cG0US013JWxn77Hr3Y3b5_Upm3Cr_dBGk4B4n4Kd4dJMMCJtIIRBXgRtzYtRVC5X0Onl3X9qtS52yBHD16snuckzeUHN/s1600/New+Picture.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJhIhpdJjy3GSb1OSH2iJ3BVfVkJb_w9j2WSfrBQUvS3UHMAT9cG0US013JWxn77Hr3Y3b5_Upm3Cr_dBGk4B4n4Kd4dJMMCJtIIRBXgRtzYtRVC5X0Onl3X9qtS52yBHD16snuckzeUHN/s400/New+Picture.bmp" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> One of the functions of a yacht's keel is to provide ballast </div>
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အေစာပိုင္းကာလ ရြက္သေဘ္ာ ဆိုတဲ႔ sailboats ေတြမွာ၊ lateral forces ကို၊ ဆန္႔ကၽင္ၿပီးေရြွ႕လၽွားေစနိဳင္ရန္ 'live ballast' အၿဖစ္၊ ေလတိုက္ရာဖက္မွာ သေဘ္ာသားေတြထိုင္ကာ၊ ထိန္းညိွရင္္း heeling moment ကို၊ ရယူခဲ႔ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီမွတဆင္႔ high density material ေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ concrete, iron နဲ႔ lead တို႔ကို၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ keel မွာတတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ heeling moment ကို ထိမ္းေကၽာင္းခဲ႔ႀကသလို၊ hull မွာ ေကၽာက္တုန္းေတြနဲ႔ သဲေတြထည္႔ၿပီး၊ traditional ballast အၿဖစ္၊ အသံုးၿပဳခဲ႔ႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />(၁၈၈၀) ခုနွစ္ ကာလေတြအထိ၊ ေကၽာက္တုန္းေတြနဲ႔ သဲေတြကို၊ cargo hold ေတြအတြင္းမွာ၊ ထည္႔ကာ solid ballast materials အၿဖစ္အသံုးၿပဳခဲ႔ႀက တာကို၊ heavy ballast လို႔ ေခါါပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ပိုင္းကာလေတြမွာေတာ႔ သံကိုယ္ထည္ steel-hulled vessels သေဘ္ာေတြ တည္ေဆာက္လာနိဳင္သလို၊ pumping technology နည္းပညာေတြလည္း၊ တိုးတက္လာတာနဲ႔အမၽွ၊ solid ballast materials အစား၊ "ေရ" ကိုထည္႔သြင္းၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ water ballast နည္းလမ္းကို၊ ေၿပာင္းလဲအသံုးၿပဳလာႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />"ေရ" ဟာ ‘အေလးခၽိန္’ နဲ႔ အခၽိဳးကၽကိုက္ညီတဲ႔ ‘ထုထည’္ weight to volume ratio ရိွၿပီး၊ အသြင္းအထုတ္ pump in/ pump out ကို အလြယ္တကူ ေဆာင္ရြက္နိဳင္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ hull မွာ သီးၿခား separate tanks ေတြထည္႔သြင္းၿပီး၊ water ballast tanks အၿဖစ္အသံုးၿပဳႀကသလို၊ cargo tank ေတြကိုလည္း၊ ေရၿဖည္႔သြင္းကာ၊ water ballast tanks အၿဖစ္အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />ballast tanks ေတြရဲ႕ အရြယ္အစားနဲ႔ အရည္အတြက္ဟာ၊ သေဘ္ာအမၽိဳးအစား type နဲ႔ ပံုသ႑န္ design ေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ ကြာၿခားသလို၊ တတ္ဆင္ ထားတဲ႔ အေနအထား position ဟာလည္း၊ hull stresses ကို၊ minimize အေနနဲ႔ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽေပးနိဳင္ရန္၊ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ stability ရရိွေစရန္၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ ေအာက္ေၿခမွာ double bottom ballast tanks ေတြကို၊ run the length of the vessel အေနနဲ႔ ေတာက္ေလၽွာက္တတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ hull girder ေတြၿဖင္႔ ပိုင္းၿခားကာ၊ တည္ေဆာက္ေလ့ ရိွပါတယ္။ ေယဘုယၽအားၿဖင္႔ ballast capabilities နဲ႔ capacities ဆိုတဲ႔ တင္ေဆာင္ထည္႔သြင္းနိဳင္တဲ႔ ေရထုထည္ ပမာဏဟာ၊ သေဘ္ာ dead weight tonnage ရဲ႕ (25 ~ 30 %) ခန္႔ရိွပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />သေဘ္ာေတြဟာ တေနရာမွတေနရာသို႔၊ သြားလာခုတ္ေမာင္းေနႀကတဲ႔အတြက္၊ ballast နဲ႔ de-ballast ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရာမွာ၊ ေဒသတခုမွ ပင္လယ္ေရ မ်ားကို တင္ေဆာင္လာၿပီး၊ အၿခားေဒသတခုမွာ စြန္႔ပစ္ႀကတယ္လို႔၊ ဆိုနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ballast water အၿဖစ္၊ ထည္႔သြင္းထားတဲ႔ ပင္လယ္ေရထဲမွာ aquatic species လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ အ႑ဝါဇီဝသက္ရွိ မ်ိဳးစိတ္မ်ား၊ အပင္မ်ား၊ ပင္လယ္ေန အေကာင္ငယ္မ်ားနဲ႔ bacteria မၽားပါဝင္လာၿပီး၊ ballast tanks ေတြအတြင္း ရက္သတၱပတ္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ၊ အသက္ရွင္ေနထိုင္သြားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Water ballasting and de-ballasting </div>
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အၿခားေဒသတခုမွာ de-ballast အၿဖစ္၊ ပင္လယ္ေရေတြကို၊ စြန္႔ထုတ္လိုက္ရာမွာ၊ aquatic species ေတြထဲမွ၊ အႏၱရာယ္ေပးႏုိင္ေသာ မ်ိဳးစိတ္ေတြဟာ၊ ပင္လယ္ေရနဲ႔အတူ ပါဝင္သြားၿပီး၊ ေဒသခံမ်ိဳးစိတ္မ်ားအေပၚ လႊမ္းမိုးကာ၊ သဘာ၀ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ေဂဟေဗဒစနစ္ဆိုတဲ႔ ‘ecosystem’ ကို၊ ထိခိုက္ ပၽက္စီးေစတတ္ပါတယ္။ အၿပည္ၿပည္ဆိုင္ရာေရေႀကာင္းအဖြဲ႔အစည္း ‘IMO’ နဲ႔ အၿပည္ၿပည္ဆိုင္ရာကၽမ္းမာေရးအဖြဲ႔အစည္း ‘WHO’ တို႔ဟာ၊ ‘epidemic disease bacteria’ ဆိုတဲ႔ ပင္လယ္ေရမွတဆင့္ လွ်င္ျမန္စြာ ကူးစက္ၿပန္႔နံွေစႏိုင္ေသာ ဘက္တီးရီယားေတြကို၊ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ရန္ နည္းလမ္းေတြကို၊ ရွာေဖြလာႀကပါတယ္။ IMO ရဲ႕ MEPC လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ ‘Marine Environment Protection Council’ မွ ‘Ballast Water Management’ ဆိုင္ရာ၊ လမ္းညြွန္ခၽက္ guidelines ေတြကိုလည္း စတင္ၿပဌာန္းခဲ႔ပါတယ္။</div>
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MEPC ရဲ႕ Ballast Water Management ဆိုင္ရာ၊ လမ္းညြွန္ခၽက္ guidelines ေတြကိုေတြကို၊ resolution အေနနဲ႔ ေလ့လာႀကည္႔တဲ႔အခါ၊ ‘G1’ - Guidelines for sediment reception facilities (resolution MEPC.152 (55)), ‘G2’ - Guidelines for ballast water sampling (resolution MEPC.173 (58)), ‘G3’ - Guidelines for ballast water management equivalent compliance (resolution MEPC.123 (53)), ‘G4’ - Guidelines for ballast water management and development of ballast water management plans (resolution MEPC.127 (53)), ‘G5’ - Guidelines for ballast water reception facilities (resolution MEPC.153 (55)), ‘G6’ - Guidelines for ballast water exchange (resolution MEPC.124 (53)), ‘G7’ - Guidelines for risk assessment under regulation A-4 of the BWM Convention (resolution MEPC.162(56)), ‘G8’ - Guidelines for approval of ballast water management systems (resolution MEPC.174 (58)), ‘G9’ - Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (resolution MEPC.169 (57)), ‘G10’ - Guidelines for approval and oversight of prototype ballast water treatment technology programmes (resolution MEPC.140 (54)), ‘G11’ - Guidelines for ballast water exchange design and construction standards (resolution MEPC.149 (55)), ‘G12’ - Guidelines on design and construction to facilitate sediment control on ships (resolution MEPC.150 (55)), ‘G13’ - Guidelines for additional measures regarding ballast water management including emergency situations (resolution MEPC.161 (56)), ‘G14’ - Guidelines on designation of areas for ballast water exchange (resolution MEPC.151 (55)) နဲ႔ ‘G15’ - Guidelines for ballast water exchange in the Antarctic treaty area (resolution MEPC.163 (56)) ဆိုၿပီး ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။</div>
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‘resolution MEPC.173 (58)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines for ballast water sampling, ‘resolution MEPC.123’ (53) ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines for ballast water management equivalent compliance, ‘resolution MEPC.127 (53)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines for ballast water management and development of ballast water management plans နဲ႔ ‘resolution MEPC.124 (53)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines for ballast water exchange တို႔ဟာ၊ ‘Ship Operation Guidelines’ ေတြၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ သေဘ္ာနဲ႔တိုက္ရိုက္သက္ဆိုင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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‘resolution MEPC.174 (58)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines for approval of ballast water management systems, ‘resolution MEPC.169 (57)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances နဲ႔ ‘resolution MEPC.140 (54)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines for approval and oversight of prototype ballast water treatment technology programmes တို႔ကေတာ႔ ‘Approval of Ballast Water Management System’ နဲ႔ သက္ဆိုင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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‘resolution MEPC.149 (55)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines for ballast water exchange design and construction standards နဲ႔ ‘resolution MEPC.150 (55)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines on design and construction to facilitate sediment control on ships တို႔ဟာ၊ 'Ship Design Guidelines' ေတြ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ‘resolution MEPC.162 (56)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines for risk assessment under regulation A - 4 of the BWM Convention, ‘resolution MEPC.161 (56)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines for additional measures regarding ballast water management including emergency situations, ‘resolution MEPC.151 (55)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines on designation of areas for ballast water exchange နဲ႔ ‘resolution MEPC.163 (56)’ ဆိုတဲ႔ Guidelines for ballast water exchange in the Antarctic treaty area တို႔ကေတာ႔၊ 'Administration Guidelines' ေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Ballast Water Management</div>
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‘Ballast Water Management’ မွာ၊ အဓိကပါဝင္တဲ႔ က႑ေတြကေတာ႔၊ ‘BWM methods’ ဆိုတဲ႔ ballast water management နည္းလမ္း၊ recording procedure ဆိုတဲ႔႔ မွတ္တမ္းတင္ၿခင္းနဲ႔ training and education ဆိုတဲ႔ ေလ့ကၽင္္႔ပညာေပးၿခင္းတို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ BWM methods ဆိုတဲ႔ ballast water management နည္းလမ္းေတြကို၊ 'D1' ဆိုတဲ႔ ballast water exchange method နဲ႔ 'D2' ဆိုတဲ႔ ballast water treatment system ဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br /><br />Ballast Water Exchange Method ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ sequential method, flow through method နဲ႔ dilution method ဆိုၿပီး၊ နည္္းလမ္း (၃) ခု ရိွတဲ႔အနက္၊ တခုခုကိို ေရြးခၽယ္အသံုးၿပဳရမွွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ‘sequential method’ ကို အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ ballast water ထည္႔သြင္းးမယ္႔ tank ဟာ၊ empty အေနနဲ႔ ေရမရိိွပဲခန္းေၿခာက္ေနရမွာၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ replacement ballast water ကို tank ရဲ႕ 95 % volume metric ပမာဏအထိိ၊ ၿဖည္႔သြင္းရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ‘flow through method’ ကို အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ replacement water ကို overflow အေနနဲ႔ လၽွံကၽေစတဲ႔အထိ၊ (၃) ႀကိမ္၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရမွာ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ‘dilution method’ မွာတာ႔ replacement ballast water ကို tank ရဲ႕ အေပါါမွၿဖည္႔သြင္းၿပီး၊ tank ရဲ႕ ေအာက္ေၿခမွ ေရၿပန္ ထုတ္ရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ၿဖည္္႔သြင္္းတဲ႔ flow rate နဲ႔ ၿပန္ထုတ္တဲ႔ flow rate တို႔တူညီရမွာၿဖစ္သလို၊ tank ထဲမွ ေရ level ဟာလည္းေၿပာင္းလဲၿခင္းမရိွပဲ၊ tank ရဲ႕ volume metric ပမာဏနဲ႔ တူညီတဲ႔၊ replacement ballast water ကို၊ အသြင္းအထုတ္ (၃) ႀကိမ္၊ ေဆာာင္ရြက္ရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ flow through method ကို ‘pump - through method’ လို႔လည္း၊ ေခါါႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Ballast Water Management implementation schedule</div>
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Ballast Water Management implementation schedule အရ၊ 'D1' ဆိုတဲ႔ Ballast Water Exchange Method ကို၊ သေဘ္ာတည္ေဆာက္ရာ ခုနွစ္ ‘year of ship built’ နဲ႔ ‘ballast capacity’ ပမာဏေပါါ မူတည္ၿပီး၊ အခၽိန္ကာလတခုအထိ ဆက္လက္အသံုးၿပဳခြင္႔ ေပးထားမွာၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာေတာ႔ 'D2' ဆိုတဲ႔ Ballast Water Treatment System ကိုသာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳရေတာ႔မွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ (၂၀၁၂) ခုနွစ္ေနာက္ပိုင္း၊ တည္ေဆာက္တဲ႔ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာေတာ႔ 'D1' ဆိုတဲ႔ Ballast Water Exchange Method အား၊ အသံုးၿပဳခြင္႔မေပးေတာ႔ပဲ Ballast Water Treatment System ကို၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳရန္ ၿပဌာန္းထားပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Ballast water treatment </div>
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Ballast Water Treatment System ကို၊ Mechanical/ gas - based treatment system, Physical treatment system နဲ႔ Chemical treatment system ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ Mechanical/ gas - based treatment system မွာ filtration, separation, hydro-clone နဲ႔ carbonation နည္းလမ္းေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ Physical treatment system မွာ Thermal, Ultraviolet irradiation, Ultrasound နဲ႔ Electrolysis နည္းလမ္းေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ Chemical treatment system မွာေတာ႔ Oxidants, Biocides, De-oxygenation နဲ႔ Electronically generated copper and silver နည္းလမ္းေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ Mechanical/ gas - based treatment system ဟာ primary treatment system ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ Physical treatment system နဲ႔ Chemical treatment system တို႔ကေတာ႔ secondary treatment system ေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />ballast water treatment system ကိုတတ္ဆင္ရန္၊ administration လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ flag state သို႔မဟုတ္ classification society သို႔ေလၽွာက္ထားတဲ႔အခါ၊ Type Approval Certificate, Approved Ballast Water Management Plan, Approved ship-specific Operation and Technical manuals နဲ႔ Confirmation that electronic and control of BWT system have been typed tested – issued by Admin or test lab စတဲ႔၊ စာရြက္စာတမ္းေတြ၊ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ BWM survey ကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ရာမွာ၊ Ballast water record book, Equipment manuals နဲ႔ Installation specification and commissioning procedures အစရိွတဲ႔၊ စာရြက္စာတမ္းေတြ၊ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention အရ၊ သေဘာ္ေတြမွာ Administration ရဲ႕ အသိအမွတ္ၿပဳ Ballast Water Management Plan, Ballast Water Record Book, Ballast water exchange (Regulation D-1) သို႔မဟုတ္ ballast water treatment system (Regulation D-2) နဲ႔ International Ballast Water Management Certificate တို႔၊၊ ပါရိွရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<br />‘1997 International Maritime Organization (IMO) ballast water management Guidelines A.868 (20)’ အရ၊ ‘Ballast Water Management’ ကို အၿပည္႔အဝလိုက္နာၿပီး၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာမွာ၊ ballast draft အထိ၊ ေရၿဖည္႔သြင္းရတဲ႔အတြက္၊ additional weight အေနနဲ႔ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ buoyancy ကၽဆင္းသြားပါတယ္။ အရြယ္အစားႀကီးမားတဲ႔ VLCC ဆိုတဲ႔ very large crude carrier ေရနံတင္ သေဘ္ာႀကီးေတြမွာ၊ unloaded transit condition အေနနဲ႔ သြားလာခုတ္ေမာင္းတဲ႔အခါ၊ propeller ကို fully submerged အေနနဲ႔ ေရထဲၿမဳတ္ေနေစရန္ forward draft နဲ႔ ခၽိန္ဆၿပီး၊ ballast water ၿဖည္႔႔သြင္းရပါတယ္။ bottom slamming ေႀကာင္႔ေပါါေပါက္လာမယ္႔ hull bending moments ကို၊ ေလၽွာင္လြွဲနိဳင္ရန္ ballast water ၿဖည္႔႔သြင္းၿခင္းလည္း၊ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />transverse stability ရရိွေစရန္၊ ေရၿဖည္႔သြင္းထားၿခင္းေႀကာင္႔ လွဳပ္ရွားကပ္ခြာသြားလာနိဳင္စြမ္း manoeuvrability ကၽဆင္းသြားပါတယ္။ during cargo operations ဆိုတဲ႔ ကုန္တင္ေနစဥ္မွာလည္း၊ trim နဲ႔ heel တို႔ ညီမၽွေနေစရန္၊ ballast water အသြင္းအထုတ္ကို၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရပါတယ္။ ballast နဲ႔ de-ballast တို႔ကိုု၊ အခၽိန္ႀကာၿမင္႔စြြာ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရတဲ႔႔အတြက္၊ ေလာင္စာသံုးစြဲမွဳ fuel consumption ပမာဏလည္း၊ ၿမင္႔တက္လာပါတယ္။ </div>
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<br />ballast water treatment system ကိုတတ္ဆင္ရာမွာ၊ ကနဦးကုန္ကၽစားရိတ္ initial installation coast ပမာဏႀကီးမားသလို၊ ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာ filters, ultraviolet irradiation, chemical biocides အစရိွတဲ႔႔၊ sterilization equipment ေတြအတြက္၊ အသံုးၿပဳမယ္႔ ကုန္ကၽစားရိတ္ဟာလည္း၊ ၿမင္႔မားပါတယ္။ ဒီ႔အတြက္ ballast water treatment system အသံုးၿပဳစရာမလိုတဲ႔ 'Non-ballast Ship' သေဘ္ာေတြကို၊ တည္ေဆာက္ရန္ စဥ္းစားလာႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Ih5DfuVgsEgKAExt23_34Or1NmDjDj_kyAU_mtugFD5Og1B2KPETwjY-jkCtxeFCCUJ88kr-djD0IZzBabV_G2M9OiuMO5D51wO7jbjKA8MTvv5VI8YEXHrS2hfJ6LhyBJ36Jh57z-uG/s1600/ballast_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Ih5DfuVgsEgKAExt23_34Or1NmDjDj_kyAU_mtugFD5Og1B2KPETwjY-jkCtxeFCCUJ88kr-djD0IZzBabV_G2M9OiuMO5D51wO7jbjKA8MTvv5VI8YEXHrS2hfJ6LhyBJ36Jh57z-uG/s1600/ballast_2.jpg" /> </a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Non-ballast ship </div>
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non-ballast ship သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ waterline ေအာက္မွာ၊ သေဘ္ာဦး bow မွ ပဲ႔ပိုင္း stern အထိ ေတာက္ေလၽွာက္ရွည္လၽွားတဲ႔ trunks ကို၊ ထည္႔သြင္္း ထားၿပီး၊ local seawater ကို constant flow ၿဖင္႔၊ အဆက္မၿပတ္ စီးဆင္းေစၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ သြားလာခုတ္ေမာင္းေနစဥ္၊ ေပါါေပါက္လာမယ္႔ ‘potential hauling’ အား၊ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽယူပါတယ္။ non-ballast ship ဆိုတဲ႔ ballast free ships သေဘ္ာေတြကို၊ ballast trunks, hull shape, CFD tools, propulsion, trim and heel နဲ႔ cargo segregation ဆိုတဲ႔ အဓိက features အခၽက္အလက္ေတြကို၊ အေၿခခံၿပီး တည္ေဆာက္ထားပါတယ္။<br /><br />ballast tank ေတြအစား ထည္႔သြင္းတည္ေဆာက္ထားတဲ႔ ballast trunks ဟာ longitudinal structural ballast trunks ပံုသ႑န္ရိွၿပီး၊ centre tank (၁) ခု၊ intermediate tanks (၂) ခုနဲ႔ side tank (၂) ခုပါဝင္ၿပီး၊ side tank (၂) ခု ကေတာ႔ cargo hold ရဲ႕ ေဘးမွာ၊ ရိွေနပါတယ္။ ballast trunks အတြင္းသို႔ seawater ဝင္ေရာက္မယ္႔ intake plenum လို႔ေခါါါတဲ႔ positive pressure inlet chamber နဲ႔ seawater ထြက္သြားမယ္႔ discharge plenum လို႔ေခါါါတဲ႔ positive pressure outlet chamber တိုု႔ဟာ၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ bow နဲ႔ stern မွာတည္ရိွေနပါတယ္။ ballast trunks ဟာ swamped တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ overwhelm အေနနဲ႔ ေရလြွမ္းေနတဲ႔အတြက္၊ ship’s buoyancy ကို၊ diminish အၿဖစ္ေလၽွာ႔ခၽေပးနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br /><br />ballast free ships သေဘ္ာေတြရဲ႕ ကိုယ္ထည္ hull ကို၊ V shape ပံုသ႑န္တည္ေဆာက္ထားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ hull resistance ကၽဆင္းသြားၿပီး၊ fully loaded နဲ႔ unloaded အေၿခအေနေတြမွာ propeller ဟာ၊ optimizes အေနနဲ႔ စြမ္းရည္တက္လာပါတယ္။ CFD tools လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ Computational Fluid Dynamic နည္းလမ္းေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳကာ၊ တြက္ခၽက္တည္ေဆာက္လာတဲ႔အတြက္၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ bow နဲ႔ stern area ေတြမွာ ေပါါေပါက္လာမယ္႔ pressure fields ေတြကို၊ ပိုမိုေလၽွာ႔ခၽလာနိဳင္ပါတယ္။<br /><br />propulsion အေနနဲ႔ twin screw optimum diameter propellers ေတြကို၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳထားပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ longitudinal bulkheads ေတြကိုသာ အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ longitudinal centre line တဝိုက္မွာ၊ moment equilibrium ၿဖစ္ေပါါေနၿပီး၊ cargo operations ေဆာင္ရြက္စဥ္၊ trims ေၿပာင္းလဲမွဳကို ထိန္းသိမ္းေပးနိဳင္ ပါတယ္။ cargo segregation မွာ local sea water ကိုသာအသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ 1 : 55 %, 2 : 25 % နဲ႔ 3 : 20 % သို႔မဟုတ္ 1 : 55 %, 2 : 22.5 % နဲ႔ 3 : 22.5 % ratio ၿဖင္႔ ေရအသြင္းအထုတ္ ေဆာင္ရြက္နိဳင္ ပါတယ္။<br /><br /><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Reference and image credit to :</b></i></span> <a href="http://www.dnv.com/,">http://www.dnv.com/,</a> <a href="http://www.tc.gc.ca/,">http://www.tc.gc.ca/,</a> ကိုေအာင္ထြဋ္ Ballast Water Management (BWM) - <a href="http://blog-aunghtut.blogspot.sg/">http://blog-aunghtut.blogspot.sg/</a>, Guide for Ballast Water Exchange – ABS, <a href="http://www.nyk.com/,">http://www.nyk.com/,</a> <a href="http://mlmlblog.wordpress.com/,">http://mlmlblog.wordpress.com/,</a> http://www.marineinsight.com/, <br /><br /><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Remark :</b></i></span> All publications and images herein this website are for use of educational purpose only. The owner of this web site is not responsible for the consequences in case of violation to copyright, trademark, patent or other intellectual property rights of any third party.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-74427321691815301182013-05-16T01:24:00.001-07:002013-05-16T01:24:19.648-07:00"Oil-fired Drum Type Water Tube Boiler Steam Generation Process နဲ႔ Thermal Oil Heater"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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fire tube နဲ႔ water tube boiler ဆိုတဲ႔၊ boiler အမၽိဳးအစား၊ (၂) မၽိဳးမွာ ပါဝင္တဲ႔ system ေတြကို၊ ပိုင္းၿခားႀကည္႔လၽွင္၊ combustion air system, feed water system, fuel oil supply system နဲ႔ steam system ဆိုၿပီး ေတြ႔ရမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ မီးထိုးအပူေပးထားတဲ႔ hot gas ေတြကို၊ tube ေတြအတြင္းမွာ ၿဖတ္သန္းေစၿပီး၊ feed water ဆိုတဲ႔ 'ေရ' အား tube အၿပင္ဖက္မွ၊ စီးဆင္းေစတဲ႔ boiler ကို၊ ‘fire tube boiler’ လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ feed water ကို tube ေတြ အတြင္းမွာ ၿဖတ္သန္းေစၿပီး၊ မီးထိုးအပူေပးထားတဲ႔ hot gas ေတြကို၊ အၿပင္ဖက္မွ၊ စီးဆင္းေစတဲ႔ boiler ကိုေတာ႔ ‘water tube boiler’ လို႔၊ ေခါါပါတယ္။ </div>
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fire tube boilers ေတြကို locomotive လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ မီးရထားစက္ေခါင္း boiler၊ စက္မွဳလုပ္ငန္းသံုး industrial boiler နဲ႔ အေသးစားလုပ္ငန္းသံုး domestic used boiler ေတြအၿဖစ္၊ အသံုးၿပဳေလ႔ရိွႀကပါတယ္။ turbine ေတြလည္ပတ္ရန္ steam pressure ပမာဏ မၽားမၽားထုတ္ေပးနိဳင္တဲ႔ natural circulation boiler, forced circulation boiler နဲ႔ super critical pressure boiler သို႔မဟုတ္ zero circulation boiler ေတြကိုေတာ႔ water tube boiler ေတြ အၿဖစ္ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ tubes ေတြကို၊ furnace လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ မီးေလာင္ခန္းနံရံမွာ တတ္ဆင္ထားတဲ႔အတြက္၊ water wall သို႔မဟုတ္ floor tubes ေတြလို႔လည္း ေခါါႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />ဒါ႔အၿပင္ မီးထိုးေပးမယ္႔ burner အတြက္၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ fuel oil system အေပါါမူတည္ကာ၊ coal fired boiler, oil fired boiler, gas fired boiler, multi-fuel fired boiler, industrial waste fired boilers နဲ႔ biomass fired boilers ဆိုၿပီးေခါါႀကပါတယ္။ တခါ arrangement နဲ႔ design အရ၊ top supported, bottom supported, package, field erected, tower type or single pass, two pass, close coupled နဲ႔ drum type boiler ေတြဆိုၿပီး ခြဲၿခား သတ္မွတ္ၿပန္ပါတယ္။ drum type boilers ေတြကိုလည္း single - drum, bi - drum နဲ႔ three - drums ဆိုၿပီး၊ ထပ္မံခြဲၿခားပါတယ္။ ဒီေနရာမွာ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာအသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔ oil fired drum type boiler ကိုသာ၊ အေၿခခံၿပီး မွတ္သားမိသေလာက္ ေဖာ္ၿပမွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiOQa98dic2umLAgLAdNwy_nW4Z1Ih7_7HDoenSCDItWLSqgax2IWZWSuCxDVFtJXnVbCOy30p9i2p1kak8hVXgITCx3owxNBdJSWAQxXLtkfM10t74jezOkLgb1InSK-e8ItBuCkLAvRj/s1600/A.bmp.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiOQa98dic2umLAgLAdNwy_nW4Z1Ih7_7HDoenSCDItWLSqgax2IWZWSuCxDVFtJXnVbCOy30p9i2p1kak8hVXgITCx3owxNBdJSWAQxXLtkfM10t74jezOkLgb1InSK-e8ItBuCkLAvRj/s640/A.bmp.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Oil fired water tube boiler</div>
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oil fired boiler ေတြရဲ႕၊ steam generation process မွာ၊ fuel burner မွ feed water ကို၊ မီးထိုး အပူေပးၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ wet Steam အၿဖစ္သို႔ ေရာက္ရိွေစၿခင္းနဲ႔ wet steam ကို ထပ္မံအပူေပးၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ super-heated steam အၿဖစ္သို႔ေရာက္ရိွေစၿခင္းဆိုၿပီး ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />ေရကို water drum နဲ႔ steam drum တို႔မွာ၊ circulate လုပ္ေစရန္ furnace ရဲ႕အထြက္မွာ၊ water wall tube ေတြထက္ အရြယ္အစားပိုႀကီးတဲ႔၊ large-bore down comer tubes ေတြတတ္ဆင္ထားပါတယ္။ tubes ေတြအတြင္းမွာ အပူေပးၿခင္းခံရတဲ႔ feed water ဆိုတဲ႔ "ေရ" ဟာ steam အၿဖစ္နဲ႔၊ steam drum သို႔ေရာက္ရိွလာေမယ္႔ ေရခိုးေရေငြ႔ moisture ေတြ အမၽားအၿပားပါဝင္ေနၿပီး wet steam သို႔မဟုတ္ saturated steam လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />wet steam ကို boiler မွ၊ super heater အတြင္းထပ္မံၿဖတ္သန္းကာ၊ အပူေပးၿခင္းၿဖင္႔၊ moisture ေတြ ကင္းစင္သြားၿပီး ေၿခာက္ေသြ႔တဲ႔ super-heated steam ရရိွလာပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ အပူခၽိန္ temperature ပမာဏ အလြန္မၽားတဲ႔ super-heated steam ကိုအသံုးၿပဳခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ steam system မွ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြ ထိခိုက္ပၽက္စီးေစနိဳင္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ အပူခၽိန္ပမာဏအတြင္းသာရိွေနေစရန္၊ attemperator ဆိုတဲ႔ cooler ထဲမွာ၊ ၿဖတ္သန္းေစၿပီး၊ ေလၽွာ႔ခၽပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />အသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ temperature ကၽသြားတဲ႔ steam ကို condenser, hot well ဆိုတဲ႔ cascade tank သို႔မဟုတ္ de-areator tank တို႔မွာ အေအးၿပန္ခံ ရပါတယ္။ အေအးခံလိုက္တဲ႔အတြက္ steam ဟာ၊ "ေရ" အၿဖစ္ေၿပာင္းလဲသြားၿပီး feed Pump မွတစ္ဆင္႔ boiler ရဲ႕ water drum သို႔ၿပန္ပို႔ကာ circulating အား ၿပန္လည္၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ပါတယ္။</div>
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combustion air system မွာ ေလမွဳတ္သြင္းေပးတဲ႔ FD fan လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ forced draft fan, air heater နဲ႔ air register တို႔ပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ FD fan ဟာ boiler ကို၊ စတင္ေမာင္းတဲ႔အဆင္႔၊ pre-purging period မွ၊ လိုအပ္တဲ႔ steam pressure ရရိွသြားတဲ႔အခါမွာ၊ combustion ဆိုတဲ႔ မီးထိုးၿခင္း ကို ရပ္လိုက္တဲ႔၊ ေနာက္ဆံုးအဆင္႔ post-purging period အထိ မရပ္မနား လည္ပါတ္ေနပါတယ္။</div>
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" width="400" /> </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Opened feed system<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
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" width="400" /> </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Closed feed system </div>
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oiler feed water system ကို၊ open feed system နဲ႔ close feed system ဆိုၿပီး ခြြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ သေဘ္ာေတြမွာေတာ႔ open feed system ကိုသာ၊ တတ္ဆင္အသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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<br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>Open Feed System -</b></span> heating system ေတြထဲမွာ ၿဖတ္သန္းအသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ ၿပန္လာတဲ႔ steam ေတြကို condenser အတြင္း ၿဖတ္သန္းအေအးခံၿပီး၊ "ေရ" အၿဖစ္သို႔ ေၿပာင္းလဲယူပါတယ္။ အေအးခံလိုက္တဲ႔အခါ steam pressure ဟာ၊ under certain atmospheric pressure တစ္နည္းအားၿဖင္႔ slight vacuum ဆိုတဲ႔ 'ေလဖိအား' ထက္အနည္းငယ္နည္းတဲ႔ ေရေငြ႔ သို႔မဟုတ္ pressure လံုးဝမရိွေတာ႔တဲ႔ condensate အေငြ႔ ၿဖစ္သြားၿပီး၊ hot well နဲ႔ feed filter tank အတြင္းသို႔က၊ gravity ၿဖင္႔ကၽဆင္း ဝင္ေရာက္လာပါတယ္။ တခၽိဳ႕ capacity ႀကီးမားတဲ႔ boiler ေတြမွာေတာ႔ condenser capacity လည္း၊ ႀကီးမားၿပီး condensate ရဲ႕ pressure ဟာ၊ under vacuum ၿဖစ္ေနတဲ႔အတြက္ extraction pump ကိုသံုးကာ hot well သို႔ပို႔ေပးပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />ဒါ႔အၿပင္ hot well ဟာ၊ fuel oil heating system, oil tank heating system, drain cooler နဲ႔ observation tank system စတဲ႔ system ေတြအၿပင္၊ အထူးသၿဖင္႔ storage tank, service tank နဲ႔ daily tank ေတြထဲမွ၊ drain လုပ္လိုက္တဲ႔ condensate water ကိုပါ လက္ခံရပါေသးတယ္။ tank ေတြထဲမွ drain လုပ္လိုက္တဲ႔ condensate water ေတြအတြင္းမွာ၊ oil presence အေနနဲ႔ "ဆီ" ေတြေရာေနွာ ပါဝင္လာၿပီး၊ boiler မွ၊ condensate water နဲ႔ "ဆီ" ေတြမေရာေစရန္၊ ပထမအဆင္႔ အေနနဲ႔ filter သို႔မဟုတ္ internal baffles ေတြကို၊ ခံကာ စစ္ထုတ္ပါတယ္။ ဒုတိယ အဆင္႔အေနနဲ႔ charcoal သို႔မဟုတ္ cloth filters ေတြကို သံုးကာ၊ စစ္ထုတ္ယူ ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ hot well မွာ over flow ၿဖစ္ေပါါခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ feed water tank မွ လက္ခံရယူပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />de-aerated type heater သို႔မဟုတ္ cascade tank ေတြသံုးလၽွင္ေတာ႔၊ "ေရ" ထဲမွာေပၽာ္ဝင္ေနတဲ႔ dissolved oxygen ကိုထပ္မံၿဖိဳခြဲနိဳင္ၿပီး boiler tube ေတြမွာ၊ ေပါါါေပါက္လာမယ္႔႔ corrosion အား၊ အထိုက္အေလၽွာက္ တားဆီးေပးနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<br />opened feed system မွာ feed water pump, condenser, cascade tank သို႔မဟုတ္ de-areator tank, economizer နဲ႔ boiler feed control valve၊ boiler feed check valve တို႔ပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ return steam ကို condenser မွာ အေအးခံၿပီး၊ cascade tank သို႔မဟုတ္ de-areator tank မွာထပ္မံ အေအးခံပါတယ္။ cascade tank မွာ အေအးခံစဥ္ condensate water ဟာ၊ အေငြ႔ပၽံၿခင္း evaporation ေႀကာင္႔ ေလၽွာ႔နည္းေပၽာက္ဆံုးမွဳ losses ေတြရိွတဲ႔အတြက္၊ make-up water အေနနဲ႔ "ေရ" ထပ္ၿဖည္႔ေပးရပါတယ္။ cascade tank မွ water level ကို၊ ရိုးရိုးသာမာန္ level switch တလံုး၊ တနည္းအားၿဖင္႔ On/ Off function float switch တလံုးမွ၊ တိုင္းတာၿပီး make-up water pump ၿဖင္႔ အလိုအေလၽွာက္ ၿဖည္႔သြင္းေပးပါတယ္။</div>
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<![endif]--><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Boiler drum water control system</div>
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feed water pump ရဲ႕ capacity ဟာ၊ boiler ရဲ႕ maximum pressure capacity ထက္ ပိုမၽားပါတယ္။ boiler drum အတြင္း water level ကၽဆင္းသြားတဲ႔႔အခါ၊ feed water pump ဟာ၊ အလိုအေလၽွာက္ ထလည္ၿပီး၊ cascade tank သို႔မဟုတ္ de-areator tank မွ ေရကို ေပးသြင္းပါတယ္။ feed regulator ကို de-aerated type heater သို႔မဟုတ္ cascade tank မွာတတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ boiler drum water level ကို control လုပ္ေလ႔ရိွပါတယ္။ တခၽိဳ႕ boiler ေတြမွာေတာ႔ water drum အတြင္း level sensor probe တတ္ဆင္ၿပီး၊ boiler drum water level ကို control လုပ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />steam ကို heating media အေနနဲ႔ fuel oil heating system, oil tank heating system, drain cooler နဲ႔ observation tank system အစရိွတဲ႔ system ေတြအၿပင္၊ purifier ေတြမွာပါ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ အေႀကာင္းအမၽိဳးမၽိဳးေႀကာင္႔ heating coil ေတြ leak ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ steam နဲ႔အတူ oil presence "ဆီ" ေတြဟာ၊ boiler water drum အတြင္းသို႔ ဝင္ေရာက္လာတတ္ပါတယ္။ oil presence ေတြဟာ၊ boiler drum အတြင္းမွ၊ ေရ မၽက္နွာၿပင္ေပါါမွာ၊ အလြွာတခုအေနနဲ႔ရိွေနၿပီး၊ water level sensor probe ကို malfunction ၿဖစ္ေပါါေစတတ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />steam ကို၊ heat transfer medium ဆိုတဲ႔၊ အပူကူးေၿပာင္းေပးသူအၿဖစ္၊ အသံုးခၽတဲ႔အခါ မူလကုန္ႀကမ္းၿဖစ္တဲ႔ "ေရ" ဟာ ေစၽးသက္သာသလို၊ သဘာဝ ပါတ္ဝန္းကၽင္အတြက္ environmental issues ဆိုင္ရာ၊ ေဘးထြက္ဆိုးကိၽဳးေတြနဲ႔ ပက္သက္ၿပီး၊ အမၽားႀကီးထည္႔သြင္းစဥ္းစားရန္၊ မလိုအပ္တာေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ အပူခၽိန္ 350 C ခန္းသံုးရန္လိုအပ္မယ္႔ applications ေတြမွာ၊ steam ရဲ႕ temperature နဲ႔အတူ၊ pressure လည္း 180 Bar ခန္႔ရိွလာၿပီး၊ tube ေတြ၊ pipeline ေတြနဲ႔ condenser မွအစ၊ thermal stress နဲ႔ pressure ကိုခံနိဳင္ေစရန္၊ လိုအပ္လာပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />အပူေပးေပမယ္႔၊ pressure ေၿပာင္းလဲၿခင္းသိသိသာသာ မရိွသလို၊ အပူရိွန္ေပါါမူတည္လို႔၊ "ေရ" ကဲ႔သို႔ liquid state ဆိုတဲ႔ အရည္၊ vapoour state ဆိုတဲ႔ အေငြ႔နဲ႔ solid state ဆိုတဲ႔ အစိုင္အခဲဆိုၿပီး၊ state ေၿပာင္းလဲၿခင္းမရိွတဲ႔ "thermal oil" ကို (၁၉၇၀) ခုနွစ္၊ အလြန္ကာလမၽားမွ၊ စတင္အသံုးၿပဳလာႀကပါတယ္။ thermal oil ဟာ၊ state ေၿပာင္းလဲၿခင္းမရိွတဲ႔အတြက္၊ condenser နဲ႔ cascade tank ေတြ တတ္ဆင္ရန္၊ မလိုအပ္ေတာ႔သလို၊ steam ကဲ႔သို႔ losses ေတြလည္း မရိွတဲ႔အတြက္ circulating pump ၿဖင္႔ေမာင္းနွင္ၿပီး၊ burner မွ မီးထိုးေပးရန္သာ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ အပူေပးေပမယ္႔၊ "ေရ" မွာ de-mineralized makeup water supply ထပ္ၿဖည္႔ေပးရၿခင္းနဲ႔ chemical additions ေခါါတဲ႔ ဓါတုပစၥည္း chemical dosage ေတြထပ္မံ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္၊ မလိုအပ္ေတာ႔တဲ႔အၿပင္၊ drains, traps နဲ႔ safety valves ေတြ တတ္ဆင္ထားရန္နဲ႔ bow downs လုပ္ရန္လည္း၊ မလိုအပ္ေတာ႔တာကို၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />thermal oil ကို၊ aromatic compounds ေတြမွ၊ ထုတ္ယူတဲ႔ synthetic oil, paraffin မွ၊ တဆင္႔ထုတ္ယူတဲ႔ petroleum based oil နဲ႔ synthetic fluids ေတြမွ တဆင္႔ ထုတ္ယူတဲ႔ synthetic glycol fluids ဆိုၿပီး၊ ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ထုတ္လုပ္တဲ႔ maker ေတြရဲ႕ နာမည္အရ၊ Solutia Inc. မွ ထုတ္လုပ္တဲ႔ thermal oil ကို 'Therminol', Dow Chemical Co. မွထုတ္လုပ္တဲ႔ thermal oil ကို 'Dowtherm', Radco Industries Inc. မွထုတ္လုပ္တဲ႔ thermal oil ကို 'Exceltherm' နဲ႔ Paratherm Corp. မွထုတ္လုပ္တဲ႔ thermal oil ကို 'Paratherm' လို႔ေခါါႀကပါတယ္။</div>
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"ေရ"ကို ေရဆူမွတ္လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ boiling point ေရာက္တဲ႔အထိ၊ အပူေပးရတဲ႔အတြက္ boiler လို႔ေခါါေပမယ္႔၊ thermal oil ကို heating transfer medium အေနနဲ႔ အပူကူးေၿပာင္းေပးသူအၿဖစ္၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ thermal oil heater လို႔ေခါါပါတယ္။ thermal oil ဟာ ေရခဲမွတ္ေအာက္အပူခၽိန္မွာ၊ ေအးခဲသြာားၿခင္း မရိွသလို၊ circulating system အတြင္းမွလည္း၊ corrosion, scaling, fouling နဲ႔ deposits ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿခင္းတို႔ မရိွတာလည္း၊ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ လက္ရိွမွာ thermal oil ဟာ၊ အၿမင္႔ဆံုး (400 ° C.) အထိ၊ အပူေပးလို႔ရၿပီး၊ cryogenic applications အေနနဲ႔ အနိမ္႔ဆံုး (- 100 ° C.) အထိ အသံုးၿပဳနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<br />အသံုးၿပဳမယ္႔ thermal oil ကို ေရြးခၽယ္တဲ႔အခါ၊ ထုတ္ယူရာမူလ compounds ေတြအေပါါ၊ မူတည္ၿပီး အပူကူးေၿပာင္းရရိွနိဳင္မွဳစြမ္းရည္ heat transfer ability, အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ pump ေတြရဲ႕ စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္မထိခိုက္ေစရန္ pumpability & serviceability, သဘာဝပါတ္ဝန္းကၽင္အတြက္၊ ေဘးထြက္ဆိုးကိၽဳးေတြၿဖစ္တဲ႔ အဆိပ္အေတာက္ပါဝင္မွဳနဲ႔ စြန္႔ၿပစ္မွဳနည္းလမ္းေတြအပါအဝင္ oxidation နဲ႔ degradation အစရိွတဲ႔ အခၽက္ေတြကိုလည္း၊ ထည္႔သြင္းစဥ္းစားသင္႔ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Thermal oil circulating diagram </div>
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thermal oil heater အလုပ္လုပ္ပံုဟာ၊ steam boiler အလုပ္လုပ္ပံုနဲ႔ ဆင္တူပါတယ္။ combustion chamber ထဲမွာ fuel oil သို႔မဟုတ္ bio fuel သို႔မဟုတ္ ေကၽာက္မီးေသြး coal စတာေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳေလာင္ကၽြမ္းေစၿပီး လိုအပ္တဲ႔ safety devices ေတြ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားရိွကာ အပူေပးပါတယ္။ evaporation ဆိုတဲ႔ အေငြ႔ပၽံၿခင္းမရိွပဲ၊ လမ္းေႀကာင္းတစ္ေလၽွာက္၊ တစ္နည္းအားၿဖင္႔ radiant သို႔မဟုတ္ convection zones ေတြမွာ၊ အပူေပးထားတဲ႔ thermal oil စီးဆင္း သြားၿခင္းၿဖင္႔၊ heat transfer medium ဆိုတဲ႔၊ အပူကူးေၿပာင္းေပးသူ အၿဖစ္၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />return line မွာေတာ႔ heat exchanger လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔ cooler အေသးစားေလးတတ္ဆင္ထားရန္လိုအပ္ၿပီး၊ cooler မွတစ္ဆင္႔ expansion tank သို႔ေရာက္ရိွသြားကာ၊ circulate လုပ္ရန္၊ pump အဝင္သို႔ ၿပန္လာပါတယ္။ expansion tank ဟာ thermal expansion ၿဖစ္ေပါါမွဳကို ကာကြယ္ေပးသလို၊ oxidation နဲ႔ vaporization ကိုလည္း တားဆီးေပးပါတယ္။</div>
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<br />circulating system ရုတ္တရက္ရပ္တန္႔သြားတဲ႔အခါ၊ thermal Oil ဟာတစ္ေနရာထဲမွာပဲရိွေနၿပီး over heat အေနနဲ႔ အပူလြန္ကာ၊ explosion ၿဖစ္ေပါါနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ overheating ေႀကာင္႔ (400 ° C.) အထိသာ အပူခံတဲ႔ thermal oil ဟာ၊ degradation ေႀကာင္႔ sludge ၿဖစ္သြားနိဳင္ၿပီး၊ system တစ္ခုလံုးကို chemical wash အေနနဲ႔ ေဆးေႀကာကာ thermal Oil အသစ္ၿဖင္႔ အစားထိုးရန္၊ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ အကယ္၍ combustion area မွာ ယိုစိမ္႔မွဳ leak ၿဖစ္ေပါါခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ မီးေလာင္နိဳင္တဲ႔ fire hazards အနၲာရယ္ရိွပါတယ္။<br /> </div>
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circulating system မွ valves ေတြ၊ gaskets ေတြနဲ႔ packing ေတြကို thermal oil အတြက္သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ standard အတိုင္းသာ၊ အသံုးၿပဳသင္႔သလို၊ thermal expansion နဲ႔ thermal fatigue ေတြေပါါေပါက္နိဳင္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ piping နဲ႔ supports ေတြကိုလည္း၊ သတိထားကာ၊ ပံုမွန္စစ္ေဆးရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Remark :</b></i></span> All publications and images herein this website are for use of educational purpose only. The owner of this web site is not responsible for the consequences in case of violation to copyright, trademark, patent or other intellectual property rights of any third party. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-32758843069389329192013-05-14T16:22:00.005-07:002013-05-14T16:24:19.360-07:00"MARINE BOILERS"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKIoD3rJPgBGzRYS1BypBXsh8sov2kuvwvDHdfTaBO04hpWLtwyvQ7yoihIrP6KXj0rm8XE79NpFgfVSPqkgTxv1Tdapuc5qdFbJymgLSTLzpImKeb9Cc-KIoIvnH776C4DuTU3TUJ1KAl/s1600/marineboilers.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKIoD3rJPgBGzRYS1BypBXsh8sov2kuvwvDHdfTaBO04hpWLtwyvQ7yoihIrP6KXj0rm8XE79NpFgfVSPqkgTxv1Tdapuc5qdFbJymgLSTLzpImKeb9Cc-KIoIvnH776C4DuTU3TUJ1KAl/s400/marineboilers.JPG" width="273" /> </a></div>
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G.T.H. Flanagan ေရးသားၿပီး၊ Butterworth-Heinemann မွ (၁၉၉၀) ခုနွစ္မွာ၊ ထုတ္ေဝခဲ႔တဲ႔ "MARINE BOILERS" စာအုပ္ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ boilers နဲ႔ boiler ရဲ႕ associated equipment ေတြအေႀကာင္း ေရးသားထားတာၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ typical examination questions & answers ေတြလည္းပါဝင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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file size ပမာဏ 5.4 MB ရိွၿပီး၊ <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/43tert7pvzm2u4e/Marine%20boilers.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><b>ဒီေနရာ</b></span></a> မွတဆင္႔ရယူနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<i><span style="color: blue;"><b>Remark :</b></span></i> All publications herein this website are for use of educational purpose only. The owner of this web site is not responsible for the consequences in case of violation to copyright, trademark, patent or other intellectual property rights of any third party. <br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-49930357168840839182013-05-14T02:09:00.001-07:002013-05-14T02:09:46.215-07:00"Rooling Bearings" <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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rolling bearings ေတြကို radial rolling bearing အုပ္စု နဲ႔ thrust rolling bearing အုပ္စုဆိုၿပီး (၂) အုပ္စုမၽိဳးခြဲၿခားထားပါတယ္။ <b>'radial rolling bearing'</b> အုပ္စုကို၊ ball bearing နဲ႔ roller bearing ဆိိုၿပီး ထပ္မံခြဲၿခားပါတယ္။ </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6N-IwaPvatBttG-dG832Bx34VcQWnGuKhb0ZIMbOYe6XyZDVOKeVue9MHXBVv5a3kwaw99FwzWVJVBnO0C5wwbD8wfLInWa_hwYMWfFutroJp7w8VuS0iTUnOJnr6dKKs0DmP2y3xl2jt/s1600/New+Picture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6N-IwaPvatBttG-dG832Bx34VcQWnGuKhb0ZIMbOYe6XyZDVOKeVue9MHXBVv5a3kwaw99FwzWVJVBnO0C5wwbD8wfLInWa_hwYMWfFutroJp7w8VuS0iTUnOJnr6dKKs0DmP2y3xl2jt/s1600/New+Picture.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b> </b></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> radial bearing - ball bearings</div>
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<b>'radial rolling bearing'</b> အုပ္စုမွ <span style="color: blue;"><b>'ball bearings'</b></span>
ေတြမွာ deep groove ball bearing, maximum type ball bearing, magneto
bearing, angular contact ball bearing နဲ႔ self-alignment ball bearing
တို႔ပါဝင္ၿပီး၊ angular contact ball bearing ကို single row နဲ႔ double
row ဆိုၿပီး ထပ္မံခြဲၿခားထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnxgtBAYDIUYn1ZfI0Fv0_AIgzRrioW47t_JGjTm5XxaQh2hn2sHpHpxJM9ltq1dW6J3WnCT-oZzVCBxedWJXsxK8TglAT1FSr4XC8iJ6DPBoE9wAkHjh9UhTr4cfjLwz8rkODYFWUBhIf/s1600/New+Picture+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnxgtBAYDIUYn1ZfI0Fv0_AIgzRrioW47t_JGjTm5XxaQh2hn2sHpHpxJM9ltq1dW6J3WnCT-oZzVCBxedWJXsxK8TglAT1FSr4XC8iJ6DPBoE9wAkHjh9UhTr4cfjLwz8rkODYFWUBhIf/s1600/New+Picture+(1).jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> radial bearing - roller bearings</div>
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<b>'radial rolling bearing'</b> အုပ္စုမွ <span style="color: blue;"><b>'roller bearings'</b></span>
ေတြမွာ၊ cylindrical roller bearing, tapered roller bearing နဲ႔
spherical roller bearing တို႔ပါဝင္ၿပီး၊ roller bearing ေတြကို single row
နဲ႔ double row ဆိုၿပီး ထပ္မံခြဲၿခားပါတယ္။ <br />
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<b>'thrust rolling bearing'</b> အုပ္စုကို၊ thrust ball bearing နဲ႔ thrust roller bearing ဆိုၿပီး၊ ထပ္မံခြဲၿခားပါတယ္။ thrust bearing အုပ္စုမွ <b><span style="color: blue;">'thrust ball bearing'</span></b> ေတြမွာ single direction thrust ball bearing နဲ႔ double direction thrust ball bearing တို႔ပါဝင္ပါတယ္။ thrust bearing
အုပ္စုမွ <span style="color: blue;">'<b>thrust roller bearing'</b></span> ေတြမွာ cylindrical roller thrust bearing
နဲ႔ spherical roller thrust bearing တို႔ပါဝင္ ပါတယ္။</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm_Gq4TFCvXvIgIvSyaxJQ3LThogkKRRJ-Cds2fm5RSZlqbJT47ejCJXx9fmBQJCUMP0bIPpilQtNfpH0cnO51QwKU_ldCKwsdbzuR8H_RFOxVlFfP3ZP8drFl7U97sRQ8ujmt-19aWJMF/s1600/New+Picture+(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm_Gq4TFCvXvIgIvSyaxJQ3LThogkKRRJ-Cds2fm5RSZlqbJT47ejCJXx9fmBQJCUMP0bIPpilQtNfpH0cnO51QwKU_ldCKwsdbzuR8H_RFOxVlFfP3ZP8drFl7U97sRQ8ujmt-19aWJMF/s1600/New+Picture+(2).jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><i><b> </b></i><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig. </b></i><span style="color: black;">thrust rolling bearings</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">radial
rolling bearings ေတြမွာေရးသားထားတဲ႔ နံပါတ္ေတြၿဖင္႔၊ bearing
အမၽိဳးအစားကို ခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ radial bearing အုပ္စုမွာ၊ 60, 62, 64,
68, 69 နဲ႔ 160 တို႔ၿဖင္႔ အစၿပဳတဲ႔ နံပါတ္ေတြဟာ၊ light duty single row
deep groove ball bearings ေတြၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ 63 ၿဖင္႔ အစၿပဳလၽွင္ medium duty
single row deep groove ball bearing ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 72 နံပါတ္ၿဖင္႔၊
အစၿပဳခဲ႔လၽွင္ light duty single row angular contact ball bearing
ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ 73 နံပါတ္ၿဖင္႔ စခဲ႔လၽွင္ေတာ႔ medium duty single row angular
contact ball bearing ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">အကယ္၍
12, 12 - - K, 22, 22 - - K စတဲ႔ နံပါတ္မၽားၿဖင္႔၊ အစၿပဳခဲ႔လၽွင္ light
duty double row self aligning ball bearing ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ 13, 13 - - K, 23,
23 - - K နံပါတ္မၽားၿဖင္႔၊ စခဲ႔လၽွင္ေတာ႔ medium duty double row self
aligning ball bearing ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">N2,
NU2, NJ2 နဲ႔ NF2 ဆိုလၽွင္ေတာ႔၊ light duty cylindrical roller bearing
ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ N3, NU3, NJ3, NF3 နဲ႔ NH3 တို႔ကေတာ႔ medium duty cylindrical
roller bearing တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 302, 322 နဲ႔ 303, 323 စတဲ႔နံပါတ္ေတြဟာ၊
light နဲ႔ medium duty tapered roller bearings ေတြကို သတ္မွတ္ေခါါဆိုထားတာ
ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အလားတူ 222, 222 - - K နဲ႔ 223, 223 - - K ဆိုတဲ႔
နံပါတ္ေတြကလည္း၊ light နဲ႔ medium duty spherical roller bearings ေတြကို
သတ္မွတ္ေခါါဆိုတာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ NA49 ဆိုလၽွင္ေတာ႔ needle roller bearing
ၿဖစ္ၿပီး light duty အေနနဲ႔သာ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">thrust
ball bearing အုပ္စုမွာ 511, 512, 532, 532 - - U နဲ႔ 513, 533, 533 - - U
နံပါတ္တို႔ၿဖင္႔၊ အစၿပဳခဲ႔လၽွင္ light duty နဲ႔ medium duty single
direction thrust ball bearing ေတြၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ 522, 542, 542 - - U နဲ႔ 523,
543, 543 - - U စတဲ႔ နံပါတ္တို႔ၿဖင္႔၊ အစၿပဳခဲ႔လၽွင္ double direction
thrust ball bearing ေတြအၿဖစ္ အမၽိဳးအစားခြဲၿခားနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span>
bearing ေတြမွာေရးသားထားတဲ႔ နံပါတ္ေတြရဲ႕အဆံုးမွာ suffixes ဆိုတဲ႔
အတိုေကာက္ အကၡရာေလးေတြ ေရးထားၿပီး၊ bearing ရဲ႕ တည္ေဆာက္ပံု type
ကိုေဖာ္ၿပပါတယ္။ no suffix အေနနဲ႔ ဘာမွေရးမထားလၽွင္ open type bearing
ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ Z ဆိုတဲ႔ အကၡရာၿဖင္႔၊ အဆံုးသတ္ခဲ႔လၽွင္ one-side metal shielded
အၿဖစ္၊ တဖက္တည္းမွာသာ ဖံုးအုပ္ထားၿခင္းနဲ႔ ZZ ဆိုရင္ေတာ႔ နွစ္ဖက္စလံုး
ဖံုးအုပ္ထားတဲ႔ two-side metal shielded bearing အၿဖစ္၊ သိနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">အကယ္၍
N ဆိုတဲ႔ အတိုေကာက္ အကၡရာေလးပါလာခဲ႔လၽွင္၊ without snap ring groove
သို႔မဟုတ္ circlip groove မပါဝင္တဲ႔ bearing အၿဖစ္၊ သိနိဳင္ၿပီး၊ NR
ဆိုလၽွင္ေတာ႔ circlip groove ပါတဲ႔ bearing အၿဖစ္၊ သိနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ ZNR
ဆိုလၽွင္ one-side metal shielded with snap ring လို႔သိနိဳင္သလို၊ LU
သို႔မဟုတ္ RS ဆိုလၽွင္၊ one-side rubber sealed bearing နဲ႔ LLU သို႔မဟုတ္
2RS ဆိုလၽွင္ two-side rubber sealed bearing ရယ္လို႔ သိနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">သေဘ္ာေတြမွာ
အသံုးမၽားတဲ႔ bearing ေတြရဲ႕ brand တံဆိပ္ေတြကေတာ႔ 'SKF' ဆိုတဲ႔ The
Skefko Ball bearing Sweden, 'FAFNIR' ဆိုတဲ႔ The Fafnir Bearing USA,
'HOFFMANN' ဆိုတဲ႔ The Hoffmann Manufacturing England, 'FAG' ဆိုတဲ႔ The
Kugelfischer Geroge Schafer Germany, 'KOYO' ဆိုတဲ႔ Koyo Seiko Japan,
'NTN' ဆိုတဲ႔ The Toyo Bearing MFG Japan နဲ႔ 'NSK' ဆိုတဲ႔ Nippon Seiko KK
Japan တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီ mian manufacturer ေတြကလည္း၊ အထက္မွာ
ေဖာ္ၿပခဲ႔တဲ႔ suffixes ဆိုတဲ႔ အတိုေကာက္ အကၡရာေလးေတြကို၊ ခြဲၿခား
သတ္မွတ္ထားတာ ေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">SKF, FAG , NTN, NSK နဲ႔ KOYO </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">brand တံဆိပ္ </span></span></span>bearings
ေတြမွာ၊ Z = One-side shield, 2Z or ZZ = Two-side shield, N = without
circlip groove, NR = with circlip groove, RS or LU or DU = one seal
standard width bearing နဲ႔ 2RS or LLU or DDU = two seals standard width
bearing ရယ္လို႔ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">SKF,
FAG , NTN, NSK နဲ႔ KOYO brand တံဆိပ္ bearings ေတြမွာ၊ Z = One-side
shield, 2Z or ZZ = two-side shield, N = without circlip groove, NR =
with circlip groove, RS or LU or DU = one seal standard width bearing
နဲ႔ 2RS or LLU or DDU = two seals standard width bearing ရယ္လို႔
သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။ <br /><br />FAFNIR brand တံဆိပ္ bearing ေတြမွာ၊ D = one side
shield, DD = two side shield, G = with circlip groove, P = one seal
standard width bearing နဲ႔ PP = two seals standard width bearing
လို႔သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။<br /><br />HOFFMANN brand တံဆိပ္ bearing ေတြမွာေတာ႔၊ P =
one-side shield, PP = two-side shield, K = wihout circlip groove, KR =
with circlip groove, RS = one seal standard width bearing နဲ႔ RSS = two
seals standard width bearing ရယ္လို႔ သတ္မွတ္ပါတယ္။</span></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-80947387241915358042013-05-12T03:51:00.000-07:002013-05-14T00:46:45.399-07:00“Crankshaft Deflection”<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ main engine ဟာ၊ huge and gigantic structures ဆိုသလို၊ ထုထည္နဲ႔ အရြယ္အစားႀကီးမားပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ engine လည္ပတ္ ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔ အခါ၊ pistons ေတြရဲ႕ ေရြွ႕လၽွား လွဳပ္လၽွားမွဳမွ တဆင္႔၊ force ေတြအမၽားအၿပား သက္ေရာက္မွဳရိွပါတယ္။ engine ရဲ႕ weight နဲ႔ force ေတြကို၊ ခံနိဳင္ရည္ ရိွရန္ ေတာင္႔တင္းတဲ႔ strong base အေပါါမွာ၊ တတ္ဆင္ထားသလို၊ engine back plate ကလည္း၊ engine block နဲ႔ crankshaft တို႔ကို၊ structural base အေနနဲ႔ support လုပ္ေပးထားပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Engine bed plate
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အရြယ္အစားႀကီးမားတဲ႔ engine ေတြရဲ႕ bed plate ကို၊ longitudinal နဲ႔ transverse direction အၿဖစ္၊ တည္ေဆာက္ထားသလို၊ engine ရဲ႕ size အရြယ္အစား၊ weight အေလးခၽိန္၊ type အမၽိဳးအစားနဲ႔ structure တည္ေဆာက္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပံုေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ design ပံုစံအေနအထား၊ ကြာၿခားမွဳရိွပါတယ္။ bed plate ကို၊ foundation bolts ေတြနဲ႔ secured လုပ္ထားသလို၊ foundation bolts ေတြဟာ shear stress ကိုလည္း ခံနိဳင္ရည္ရိွရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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bed plate ရဲ႕ cross girders ေတြဟာ၊ gravity နဲ႔ inertial forces ေတြေႀကာင္႔၊ ၿမင္႔မားတဲ႔ cyclic loading သက္ေရာက္မွဳခံရတဲ႔၊ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ bed plate ဟာ၊ excessive vibrations ကို ခံနိဳင္ရည္ရိွရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ bed plate မွာ flaws ဆိုတဲ႔ အနာအဆာေတြရိွခဲ႔လၽွင္ crankshaft မွာပါ၊ misaligned ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာနိဳင္တဲ႔ အတြက္၊ bed plate ရဲ႕ cross girders, welded seams ေတြနဲ႔ holding bolts ေတြရဲ႕ tightness ကို၊ regular inspection အၿဖစ္၊ ပံုမွန္စစ္ေဆးရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။</div>
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engines ရဲ႕ အစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြ၊ တည္ေဆာက္တဲ႔အခါ၊ ferrous metals နဲ႔ non-ferrous metals ေတြကို၊ categories အလိုက္၊ အမၽိဳးအစား ခြဲၿခားအသံုးၿပဳႀကပါတယ္။ ferrous metals မွာ iron သံဆိုတဲ႔ အဓိကပါဝင္ၿပီး၊ cast iron, wrought iron နဲ႔ steels အမၽိဳးမၽိဳးတို႔ကို အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ non-ferrous metals မွာေတာ႔ aluminum, copper, zinc, lead နဲ႔ tin တို႔ကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ bed plate ဟာ၊ crankshaft ရဲ႕ rigid seating ၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ deep longitudinal girders ေတြနဲ႔ cross girder လို႔ေခါါတဲ႔၊ transverse girders ေတြကို၊ welding joints ေတြနဲ႔ဆက္ကာ တည္ေဆာက္ထားပါတယ္။</div>
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longitudinal girders ေတြအတြက္၊ mild steel ကိုအသံုးၿပဳၿပီး၊ transverse girders ေတြအတြက္၊ cast iron ကိုအသံုးၿပဳပါတယ္။ bed plate ရဲ႕ engine mountings ေတြကို၊ frames ေတြနဲ႔ support ၿပဳလုပ္ေပးထားပါတယ္။ frame တိုင္းမွာ cross girder တခုစီ တတ္ဆင္ထားသလို၊ mild steel plates ေတြနဲ႔ tubes ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳတည္ေဆာက္ထားပါတယ္။ bed plate ကို holding down အၿဖစ္၊ အထိုင္ခၽတဲ႔ေနရာမွာ၊ ၿမဲၿမံေစရန္ chocks အေနနဲ႔၊ cast steel နဲ႔ epoxy resin ကိုသံုးၿပီး၊ UTS steel နဲ႔ ၿပဳလုပ္ထားတဲ႔၊ tank top plate အေပါါမွာ၊ holding down bolts ေတြနဲ႔ secured ဖမ္းထားပါတယ္။</div>
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bed plate အေပါါမွာထိုင္ထားတဲ႔ crankshaft ကို၊ tensile strength အေနနဲ႔ (590 ~ 680) N/ <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">mm</span><sup><span style="font-family: "Zawgyi-One","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sup></span> ရိွတဲ႔၊ low alloyed Cr –Mo steel, normalized unalloyed carbon steel, cast throw mild steel, forged သို႔မဟုတ္ cast carbon steel နဲ႔ forged nickel steel အစရိွတဲ႔ materials ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳတည္ေဆာက္ေလ့ ရိွပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Bed plate - <b>(A)</b> transverse girder (cast iron), <b>(B)</b> longitudinal girder (mild steel), <b>(C)</b> limit stop, <b>(D</b>) chocks<br />
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crankshaft material အတြက္အသံုးၿပဳထားတဲ႔ဟာ၊ strength ေကာင္းရန္ လိုအပ္တဲ႔ အၿပင္ fatigue failure မၿဖစ္ေပါါေစဖို႔ high endurance limit ရိွတဲ႔၊ material ၿဖစ္ရန္လည္းလိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ good surface finish အေနနဲ႔ရိွရန္လိုအပ္ၿပီး၊ journals နဲ႔ crank pins ေနရာေတြဟာလည္း၊ hardened resist wear ၿဖစ္ရန္ လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ load ကို ထမ္းရတဲ႔အတြက္၊ bearing line alignment ေကာင္းဖို႔နဲ႔ resist bending ရိွရန္လည္းလိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ crankshaft ရဲ႕ material composition ဟာ၊ engine speed အေပါါမူတည္ၿပီး၊ ကြဲၿပားမွဳရိွပါတယ္။ crank shafts ေတြကို ခြဲၿခား ႀကည္႔တဲ႔အခါ၊ fully-built crankshaft, semi-built crankshaft, welded crankshaft နဲ႔ flanged coupling crankshaft ဆိုၿပီးေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ </div>
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Main engine ေမာင္းနွင္တဲ႔အခါ၊ pistons ေတြရဲ႕ weight, combustion loads နဲ႔ compressive loads တို႔အၿပင္၊ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ main engine ဟာ၊ ေရထဲမွာ immersed အၿဖစ္ၿမဳတ္ေနတဲ႔ propeller ရဲ႕ axial load ကိုပါ၊ ထမ္းထားရတဲ႔ အတြက္၊ crank shaft မွာ၊ twisting နဲ႔ bending forces အမၽားအၿပား သက္ေရာက္ေနပါတယ္။</div>
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crank-webs, crank-pins နဲ႔ journals ေတြအပါအဝင္၊ crankshaft တေခၽာင္းလံုးရဲ႕ weight ကို၊ bed plate မွ တဆင္႔ journals ေတြရဲ႕ main bearings မွ၊ support အေနနဲ႔ ထမ္းထားရပါတယ္။ main bearings ေတြကို၊ အသံုးၿပဳဖို႔သက္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ အခၽိန္၊ recommended running hours သက္တမ္းထက္ ေကၽာ္လြန္ၿပီး၊ အသံုးၿပဳတဲ႔အခါ၊ bearings ေတြဟာ၊ wear down အေနနဲ႔ ပြန္းစားသြားတတ္ ပါတယ္။ bearing wear down ဟာ၊ crankshaft ရဲ႕ entire length တေလၽွာက္မွာရိွတဲ႔၊ journals ေတြေနရာမွာ uniform wear down အေနနဲ႔ တညီတည္း စားသြားတာမၽိဳး မဟုတ္တဲ႔အတြက္၊ crankshaft ဟာ၊ initial straight အေနနဲ႔ တေၿဖာင္းတည္း မရိွနိဳင္ေတာ႔ပါဘူး။ </div>
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အဲဒီအခါ သာမန္မၽက္စိနဲ႔ မၿမင္နိဳင္တဲ႔၊ up ward သို႔မဟုတ္ down ward bent အေနအထားမၽိဳးနဲ႔ အနည္းငယ္ slight degree အေနအထားၿဖင္႔ေကာက္သြားနိဳင္ သလို၊ crankshaft အေပါါ သက္ေရာက္ေနတဲ႔ repeated loading forces ေတြေႀကာင္႔၊ crank-web မွာ၊ fatigue ဆိုတဲ႔ structural damage အက္ကြဲမွဳေတြ ၿဖစ္ေပါါလာတတ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Crank-web structural damage </div>
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crankshaft ဟာ၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔၊ initial straight limit အတြင္းမွာ ရိွေနရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။ straight limit အတြင္းရိွေနၿခင္း ရိွမရိွကို၊ crankshaft deflection ပံုမွန္စစ္ေဆးၿခင္းၿဖင္႔ သိနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ crankshaft deflection ဆိုတာကေတာ႔ crank-web (၂) ခုအႀကားမွ၊ အကြာအေဝးကို dial gauge ကိုသံုးကာ တိုင္းတာၿခင္းၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ deflection တိုင္းတာတဲ႔အခါ မူလက၊ တိုင္းတာခဲ႔တဲ႔ ေနရာကို၊ center punch နဲ႔ အေသအၿခာမွတ္သားၿပီး၊ time interval တခုမွာ၊ ထပ္မံတိုင္းတာတဲ႔အခါ၊ မူလက center punch ၿဖင္႔ မွတ္သားထားတဲ႔ ေနရာ မွသာ၊ ၿပန္လည္တိုင္းတာသင္႔ပါတယ္။<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Crankshaft deflection</div>
<br />
ပံုမွန္အားၿဖင္႔ crank - web ရဲ႕ top, bottom နဲ႔ sides ဆိုၿပီး၊ အေပါါ၊ ေအာက္၊ ေဘး ဖက္ (၂) ေနရာ၊ စုစုေပါင္း point ေနရာ (၄) ခုမွ တိုင္းတာႀက ပါတယ္။ ဒါ႔အၿပင္ သေဘ္ာရဲ႕ load , trim, hog နဲ႔ sag အစရိွတဲ႔ condition ေတြကိုလည္း၊ ထည္႔သြင္းမွတ္သားရသလို၊ dock တင္တဲ႔ အခါမွာလည္း before docking နဲ႔ after docking ဆိုၿပီး၊ docking မတင္ခင္နဲ႔ docking တင္ၿပီးမွာ၊ တိုင္းတာေလ့ရိွပါတယ္။<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Fig.</b></i></span> Crankshaft deflection reading points</div>
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Crank - web ရဲ႕ bottom center position point မွ၊ တိုင္းတာတဲ႔အခါ connecting rod မွ၊ fouling အေနနဲ႔ ဖံုးအုပ္ကာကြယ္ထားသလိုၿဖစ္ေနတဲ႔ အတြက္၊ လက္ေတြ႔မွာ crankshaft deflection ရယူရန္မၿဖစ္နိဳင္တာေတြ႔ရပါတယ္။ ဒီ႔အတြက္ crank-web bottom မွ၊ ဘယ္ဖက္နဲ႔ ညာဖက္ position အမွတ္ (၂) ခုကိုသာ၊ တိုင္းတာနိဳင္ၿပီး၊ crankshaft deflection reading point အေနနဲ႔ စုစုေပါင္း (၅) ခုရရိွလာမွာ ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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အထက္မွာေဖာ္ၿပထားတဲ႔၊ ဇယားဟာ cylinder unit တခုၿခင္းစီရဲ႕ position (၅) ခုမွ၊ တိုင္းတာရရိွလာတဲ႔ deflection reading ေတြၿဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ယူနစ္ကေတာ႔ 1/100 mm ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေအာက္ဆံုးအတန္း final row မွာ၊ ေဖာ္ၿပထားတဲ႔ reading ေတြ ကေတာ႔၊ top နဲ႔ bottom reading ရဲ႕ ကြာၿခားခၽက္ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အင္ဂၽင္ ထုတ္လုပ္သူ engine maker မွ၊ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ႔ maximum permissible limit ၿဖင္႔နိွဳင္းယွဥ္ႀကည္႔ၿပီး၊ crankshaft မွာ vertical mis-alignment ၿဖစ္ေပါါၿခင္း ရိွမရိွကို၊ စစ္ေဆးရန္လိုအပ္ပါတယ္။<br />
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ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာေတာ႔ crankshaft deflection တိုင္းတာတဲ႔အခါ၊ dial gauges ေတြ အစား၊ electronic measuring instruments ေတြကို အသံုးၿပဳကာ တိုင္းတာႀက ပါတယ္။<br />
<span style="color: cyan;"><i><b><br /><span style="color: blue;">Reference and image credit to :</span></b></i></span><span style="color: blue;"> </span>Principles & Practice of Marine Diesel Engines - Sanyal, D.K. (1998), <br />
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'THE MARITIME ENGINEERING REFERENCE BOOK' ပါ။ Athony F. Molland ေရးသားၿပီး၊ Butterworth - Heinemann မွ (၂၀၀၈) ခုနွစ္တုန္းက၊ ထုတ္ေဝခဲ႔တဲ႔ စာအုပ္ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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'A Master's Guide to Berthing' ဆိုတဲ႔၊ စာအုပ္ပါ။ 3 rd Edition ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ The Standard P & I Club’s loss prevention programme အတြက္ ေရးသားထုတ္ေဝပါတယ္။ Golden Rules of Berthing, Dock Damage and P & I Claims, Ship Factors that Affect Manoeuvring, Berthing in Wind, Effect of Current, Hydrodynamic Effects, Berthing without Tugs, Berthing with Tugs, Berthing with Anchors, Tugs and Pilots – Legal Issues နဲ႔ Master/ Pilot Relationship (Incorporating the ICS/ Intertanko/ OCIMF Guide) ဆိုၿပီး၊ Chapter (၁၁) ခုပါဝင္ပါတယ္။<br /><br />ေရးသားသူေတြကေတာ႔ Eric Murdoch BSc, MSc, C.Eng, Director of Safety & Loss Prevention, Charles Taylor & Co. Ltd., Capt. Chris Clarke OBE, Master Mariner, Senior Lecturer, Manned Model Shiphandling Facility, Warsash Maritime Centre, Southampton., နဲ႔ Dr. Ian W. Dand Bsc, PhD, FREng, Director of Hydrodynamics, BMT SeaTech Ltd, Gosport, Portsmouth. တို႔ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/ena8e7jevxkxn6h/Master-sGuidetoBerthing.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><b>ဒီေနရာ</b></span></a> မွရယူနိဳင္ပါတယ္။ </div>
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"Marine Auxiliary Machinery" စာအုပ္ပါ။ 7 th Edition ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ေရးသားသူက H.D McGeroge C. Eng, F.I.Mar.E, M.R.I.N.A, M. Phil ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 29. 48 MB ရိွၿပီး၊ <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/13yeq6bat2wqo18/Marine%20Auxiliary%20Machinery%207%20th%20Edition.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><b>ဒီေနရာ</b></span></a> မွတဆင္႔ ရယူနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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IMO ရဲ႕ IAMSAR ဆိုတဲ႔ International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual Volume III စာအုပ္ပါ။ 2010 Edition ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 2. 95 MB ရိွပါတယ္။ <span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span></div>
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'Maritime Transportation - Safety Management & Risk Analysis' စာအုပ္ကို Svein Kristiansen ေရးၿပီး၊ Butterworth-Heinemann, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford မွ၊ ထုတ္ေဝပါတယ္။ Background, Statistical Methods, Risk Analysis နဲ႔ Management & operations ဆိုၿပီး၊ အပိုင္း (၄) ပိုင္းပါဝင္ကာ၊ Chapter (၁၅) အေနနဲ႔ ေရးသားထားပါတယ္။ </div>
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<br />ဒူဒူႀကီးhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16213785072721234655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-36480651636223227102013-05-11T22:05:00.005-07:002013-05-11T22:08:06.521-07:00"Marine Propellers and Propulsion, 2nd Ed, 2007" <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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J S Carlton ရဲ႕ နာမည္ေကၽာ္ "Marine Propellers and Propulsion, 2nd Ed, 2007" စာအုပ္ပါ။ hydrodynamic research ဆိုင္ရာကၽြမ္းကၽင္သူ တဦးၿဖစ္တဲ႔ J S Carlton ဟာ၊ Senior Principal Surveyor အၿဖစ္၊ Lloyd’s Register ဆိုတဲ႔ classification society မွာ၊ အမွဳထမ္းခဲ႔သလို၊ noise & vibration ဆိုင္ရာ သုေသသနေတြကိုလည္း၊ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေနပါတယ္။</div>
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ဒူဒူႀကီးhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16213785072721234655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6695375752704219556.post-12737742840276652122013-05-11T21:57:00.004-07:002013-05-11T21:58:45.713-07:00"ISM Code 2010 Edition" <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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"ISM Code 2010 Edition" ပါ။ ေတာ္ေတာ္ အသံုးဝင္ပါတယ္။ <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/7gjia9x4le5fhth/ISM%20Code%202010%20Edition.pdf"><span style="color: blue;"><b>ဒီေနရာ</b></span></a> မွတဆင္႔ရယူနိဳင္ပါတယ္။</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Remark :</b></i></span> All publications herein this website are for use of educational purpose only. The owner of this web site is not responsible for the consequences in case of violation to copyright, trademark, patent or other intellectual property rights of any third party.</div>
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